Henry V. 1106. (Franconia.) _Miser qui mortem appetit, miserior qui timet._ Lothaire. 1125. (Saxony.) _Audi alteram partem._ Conrad III. 1137. (Swabia.) _Pauca cum aliis, multa tecum loquere._ Frederick I. (Barbarossa.) 1152. (Swabia.) _Præstat uni probo quam mille improbis placere._ Henry VI. 1190. (Swabia.) _Qui tacendi non habet artem, nec novit loquendi._ Philip. 1197. (Swabia.) _Quod male cœptum est, ne pudeat mutasse._ Otho IV. 1208. (Brunswick.) _Strepit anser inter olores._ Frederick II. 1218. (Swabia.) _Complurimum Thriorum, ego strepitum audiri._ 1250-1272. _Grand interregnum._ (See Hallam, _Middle Ages_, ch. v.) Rodolph of Hapsburgh. 1273. _Melius bene imperare quam imperium ampliare._ {171} Adolphus. 1291. (Nassau.) Albert I. 1298. (Austria.) _Fugam victoria nescit._ Henry VII. 1308. (Luxemburg.) _Calicem vitæ dedisti mihi in mortem._[2] Louis IV. 1314. (Bavaria.) Charles IV. 1347. (Bohemia.) Wenceslaus. 1378. (Bohemia.) Robert. (Count Palatine.) 1400. _Misericordia non causam, sed fortunam spectat._ Sigismund. 1411. (Luxemburg.) _Mala ultro adsunt._ Albert II. 1438. ([3]Austria, House of Hapsburgh.) _Amicus optimæ vitæ possessio._ Frederick III. 1440. _Austriæ imperare orbi universo._ Maximilian I. 1493. _Tene mensuram et respice finem._ Charles V. 1519. _Plus ultra._ Ferdinand I. 1558. _Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus._ Maximilian II. 1564. _Deus providebit._ Rodolph II. 1576. _Fulget Cæsaris astrum._ Matthew. 1612. _Concordi lumine major._ Ferdinand II. 1619. _Legitime certantibus._ Ferdinand III. 1637. _Pietate et justitiâ._ Leopold I. 1657. _Consilio et industriâ._ Joseph I. 1705. _Amore et timore._ Charles VI. 1711. _Constantiâ et fortitudine._ Charles VII. 1742. Francis I. 1745. _Pro Deo et imperio._ Joseph II. 1765. _Virtute et exemplo._ Leopold II. 1790. _Opes regum, corda subditorum._ Francis II. 1792. _Lege et fide._ I have added, by way of rendering the catalogue more complete, the name of the particular family of German princes, for which each emperor was selected. A glance at these names furnishes a remarkable illustration of an observation of Sismondi: "That the great evil of an elective monarchy, is the continual struggle on the part of the rulers to make it hereditary." It is scarcely necessary to remind your readers, that the integrity of Charlemagne's empire was preserved until the deposition of Charles the Fat; that France and Germany did not become separate until after that event; and that Conrad was, therefore, the first of the German sovereigns, as he was certainly the first elected by the confederate princes. JOSHUA G. FITCH. [Footnote 1: Hallam says, that the imperial prerogative never reached so high a point as in the reign of this monarch. The succession to the throne appears to have been regarded as hereditary; and a very efficient control preserved by the emperor over the usually insubordinate confederacy.]