proof of the attachment of Virginia to the Constitution and Union--The resolutions, perhaps partisan, but do not assert the doctrine of nullification--Resolutions before the explanation alarmed Washington and Henry who vigorously attacked them--Henry’s declaration that Virginia owed the same obedience to United States as one of her counties did to her. CHAPTER V. SUPREMACY OF CONSTITUTION MAINTAINED 116 Doctrines of Jefferson’s inaugural--Serious conflict in the Gideon Olmstead case--Jefferson signed an act authorizing the use of the army and navy against a State--The United States jurisdiction enforced against Pennsylvania--Unanimous objection of legislature of Virginia to taking from the Supreme Court its exclusive jurisdiction in cases where States were concerned--Purchase of Louisiana by Jefferson--Josiah Quincy’s speech a threat of rebellion, not a claim of right of secession--Sayings and acts of Jefferson opposed to nullification and secession--Jefferson’s direction that the _Federalist_ should be the permanent text-book of the University of Virginia--The submission of New England to the embargo--The Hartford convention passed no resolves asserting State rights; it proposed amendments to the Constitution--Supremacy of the government always maintained. CHAPTER VI. CALHOUN, JACKSON, AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 134 Calhoun in the beginning a leader and advocate of national views in the House of Representatives--Sectional division of States on the question of slavery--Missouri compromise--Calhoun’s change of opinion--The nullification of South Carolina--Calhoun’s “inexorable logic” considered--The doctrine of nullification not asserted from time of the Kentucky resolves until revived by South Carolina--Jackson’s proclamation--His firmness--His experience in political matters as lawyer, legislator, and judge--Congress passed a force bill to collect duties--Act reducing duties also passed--Strong resolutions of legislatures of the Southern States against nullification--Supremacy of the government maintained by judges appointed by all the political parties in every case and over all the States--Judgments of State courts constantly reversed until the time of the civil war--It is Congress, not the court, that makes the laws--Judge Story--History after the threatened nullification of South Carolina--Legislation and decision of Supreme Court extending slavery--The South’s preparation for disruption of the Union--Virginia opposed the government without passing an ordinance of secession--Military academies of Southern States--The government stronger than Hamilton thought--The exceeding excellence of the Constitution--New vigor of South Carolina as a free State. NULLIFICATION, SECESSION, WEBSTER. CHAPTER I. WEBSTER AND HAYNE.