THE DANGERS OF THE SEA—PRECAUTIONS IN A FOG—ANXIETIES OF THE CAPTAIN—CREEPING UP THE CHANNEL—“ASHORE AT SOUTH STACK”—NARROW ESCAPE OF THE BALTIC—SOME NOTABLE SHIPWRECKS—STATISTICS SINCE 1838—THE REGION OF ICEBERGS—WHEN THEY ARE MOST FREQUENT—CALAMITIES FROM ICE—SAFETY PROMOTED BY SPEED—MODERN PROTECTION FROM INCOMING SEAS—BULKHEADS AND DOUBLE BOTTOMS—WATER TIGHT COMPARTMENTS—THE SPECIAL ADVANTAGE OF THE LONGITUDINAL BULKHEAD—THE VALUE OF TWIN SCREWS—DANGERS FROM A BROKEN SHAFT—IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MARINER’S COMPASS, THE PATENT LOG, AND SOUNDING MACHINE—MANGANESE BRONZE FOR PROPELLERS—LIGHTS, BUOYS, AND FOG SIGNALS—THE REMARKABLE RECORD OF 1890. THE OCEAN STEAMSHIP AS A FREIGHT CARRIER 217 BY JOHN H. GOULD. REVENUE OF THE SHIP’S CARGO—AMOUNT OF FREIGHT CARRIED BY EXPRESS STEAMSHIPS—GROSS TONNAGE OF IMPORTANT LINES RUNNING FROM NEW YORK—THE MERCHANT MARINE OF THE UNITED STATES—THE “ATLANTIC LIMITED”—THE SEA POST-OFFICE—IN THE SPECIE ROOM—ENORMOUS REFRIGERATORS—THE NEW CLASS OF “FREIGHTERS”—LARGE CARGOES AND SMALL COAL CONSUMPTION—THE OCEAN “TRAMP”—ADVANTAGES OF THE “WHALEBACK”—VESSELS FOR CARRYING GRAIN—FLOATING ELEVATORS—THE FRUIT STEAMSHIP—TANK STEAMSHIPS FOR CARRYING OIL—PECULIARITIES OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION—THE MOLASSES SHIP—SCENES ON THE PIERS WHEN STEAMSHIPS ARE LOADING—STEAM HOISTING APPARATUS—HOW THE FREIGHT IS STOWED—COALING—THE LOADING OF CATTLE SHIPS—“COWBOYS OF THE SEA”—OCEAN TRAFFIC THE INDEX OF A NATION’S PROSPERITY. STEAMSHIP LINES OF THE WORLD 253 BY LIEUTENANT RIDGELY HUNT, U. S. NAVY. IMPORTANT PART TAKEN BY THE UNITED STATES IN ESTABLISHING OCEAN ROUTES—RIVALRY IN SAILING VESSELS WITH ENGLAND—EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN CALIFORNIA—THE CAPE HORN ROUTE—AUSTRALIAN PACKET LINES—THE PROBLEM OF A SHORT ROUTE TO INDIA—FOUR MAIN ROUTES OF STEAMSHIP TRAFFIC—CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGULAR SERVICE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE EAST—PORT SAID AND THE SUEZ CANAL—SCENES AT ADEN AND AT BOMBAY—THE RUN TO COLOMBO, CEYLON—SOME OF THE BY-WAYS OF TRAVEL FROM SINGAPORE—THE PACIFIC MAIL—FROM YOKOHAMA TO SAN FRANCISCO—TWO ROUTES FROM PANAMA TO NEW YORK—SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS—MAGNIFICENT SCENERY OF THE MAGELLAN STRAITS—BEAUTIES OF THE PORT OF RIO—THE GREAT OCEAN ROUTE FROM LONDON TO AUSTRALIA. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE A DRAMA OF THE SEA, _Frontispiece_ SPECIFICATIONS OF EARLY PATENTS TAKEN OUT IN ENGLAND, 15 THE ETRURIA, 37 TRIPLE-EXPANSION ENGINE OF THE ALLER, TRAVE, AND SAALE, 41 THE GIOVANNI BAUSAN, OF THE ITALIAN NAVY, 49 THE NORTH GERMAN LLOYD STEAMER KAISER WILHELM II., 65 THE WHITE STAR STEAMER MAJESTIC, 75