Georgia -- Antiquities; Mounds -- Georgia; Ocmulgee National Monument (Ga.)
Even at this simple stage of culture, though, there were doubtless well
defined rules of conduct. All primitive peoples today share certain
universals of social life. From these we may confidently infer that
every man was part of a clearly defined kin group, that the structure
and relationships of this group determined into what similar group he
might marry, and which were forbidden to him as sources for choosing a
mate. We can also be reasonably certain that while antisocial acts like
murder, adultery, and theft might not be punished by the community at
large, strong measures to hold them in check were generally approved
even though they might have to be initiated privately. In short, the
rudiments of social living were already thousands of years old. The
lives of these early Georgians were different from our own in countless
material ways; but even at this early date their primary problems were
the same as ours. They must have food, shelter, and protection for
individual survival; and the continued existence of the group required
the education of its younger members in the skills and habits and
community organization of their elders. The means to these ends were
crude, and by our standards extremely simple; but they were not
developed without considerable ingenuity; and hard work made up for many
technical shortcomings.
Food From the Waters
Our knowledge starts to increase as we come to the period beginning
about 5,000 years ago. Here a few of the details of Indian life in the
Southeast emerge rather clearly. Curiously enough it was the food habits
of these _Shellfish Eaters_ which first led to their identification; and
even today our scanty information on them still tends to center around
this feature of their lives. From the nature of the evidence we will
soon present, it is easy to infer that the principal food of many of the
groups of this period was shellfish. This may not seem especially
remarkable; but we know that, in shifting to a principal reliance on the
lowly mussel, clam, or oyster, they accomplished, in effect, a local
revolution in man’s pattern of living. They had discovered that an
almost inexhaustible supply of these prolific creatures was to be had
for the taking in places along the rivers and the ocean shore where
conditions favored their growth. Perhaps the taste for this form of diet
was difficult to acquire, but once achieved it freed them for
generations from the hard necessity of moving their camp every time the
game grew scarce. At last they could settle in one place; and the
numerous sites they occupied tell us not only that life was easier but
that the abundant food supply contributed also to a marked increase in
the population.
[Illustration: Shellfish Eater campsites were gradually raised on mounds
of their own shell refuse, sometimes even larger than this. Courtesy
Florida Board of Parks and Historic Memorials.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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