Georgia -- Antiquities; Mounds -- Georgia; Ocmulgee National Monument (Ga.)
Mention has been made of the Southern Cult. Briefly, this is the name
given to the religious idea behind a group of frequently recurring
symbols, and the paraphernalia on which they are depicted, which have
been found all the way from Oklahoma and the Great Lakes to Florida and
the gulf coast. These unusual articles occur in association with the
platform mounds, and at some sites appear to be limited to the graves of
an important class of personages who had the unique privilege of burial
within the sacred structures atop the mounds.
The objects themselves appear to be symbols of office or religious
vessels or regalia of diverse sorts. They include engraved circular
gorgets of shell, engraved copper plaques, hafted ceremonial axes made
of copper or from a single piece of stone, as well as stone axheads
either so finely made or of such soft material that they could not have
been put to practical use. A ceremonial atlatl looks to us more like a
mace or sceptre; both this form and that of the hafted ax are reproduced
in beautifully chipped flint, and these are found in association with
long blades and reproductions of other elements of the cult in the same
material. Vessels include conch shell cups and pottery bottles of
various forms.
Of perhaps even greater importance than the physical apparatus just
described are the symbols pictured on some of these specimens, and
representations of these and other objects being worn or carried by
god-animal beings, mythological creatures, or their impersonators.
Important figures of the mythology or the religious pantheon include the
eagle, ivory-billed woodpecker, and turkey; various forms of the
rattlesnake, the cat or mountain lion; and the human chunkee player.
These are depicted most clearly on some of the engraved copper plaques
like that of the Eagle Man from the Etowah site, which is reproduced in
the Ocmulgee Museum in the colors most likely to have been used in the
original costume. They are also engraved on shell cups, masks, and
gorgets and on pottery vessels. Among the important symbols occurring
alone or as ornament on these figures are the cross, swastika, sun
circle, bi-lobed arrow, forked eye, hand and eye, and death head. The
figures are also shown brandishing the ceremonial atlatl, holding a long
flint knife, or throwing the chunkee stone; and some wear the bi-lobed
arrow as a hair ornament. The forked eye, sun circle, and other symbols
are shown painted on these figures or on their regalia.
[Illustration: Museum exhibit portraying eagle-costumed figure embossed
on copper plate from the Etowah site, north Georgia. Original about 20
inches high.]
[Illustration: Ceremonial ax from burial near Funeral Mound. Length, 19
inches.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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