Women with undeveloped ovaries have flat breasts and hips; their faces are often irregular in structure, and their jaws are often prominent; their gums are shrunken and their teeth are long and soon fall out. Some cases may show a colossal obesity, but in the partial forms of ovarian insufficiency they may be remarkably thin. They also are, as a rule, anæmic or chlorotic. In some parts of the Orient, as in India, there are female eunuchs, such as Roberts has seen on the way from Delhi to Bombay. Such eunuchs had no bosom; the pubic hair was absent, and their buttocks were like those of men; but the rest of the body was stouter. Of course these women had been castrated during their childhood. If we make a Roentgen-ray examination of the skeleton of a person castrated in childhood, we shall find that the epiphysial cartilages remain unossified for a long time after puberty. It is a very interesting fact that, both after castration and in myxœdema, the same persistence of the epiphysial cartilages and retardation of ossification have been observed by means of the Roentgen-rays: by Hertoghe in 1896; Springer and Serbanesco in 1897; Gasne and Laude in 1898; Legry and Renault in 1902; Jeandelize in 1903. The same thing has also been observed by Hertoghe in “Infantilism of the Type of Lorraine.” The influence of the thyroid upon the skeleton and size of the body is easily shown by simple observations. Children of parents with cachectic diseases like chronic tuberculosis, syphilis, alcoholism, etc., in which the thyroid gland is, as a rule, found degenerated (Gamier,[31] Hertoghe[32]), are (as shown by Prof. Perrando[33] and Garnier) born with a congenital atrophy of the thyroid. Just as young animals with an extirpated thyroid, so these children will not grow, and we know that cretins (degeneration of the thyroid) remain as a rule dwarfs all their life long. We can now produce in such persons certain and very curious changes by feeding them with thyroid extract, and we can see them, as Hertoghe has shown, grow inch by inch in a short period; their mental faculties improving at the same time in an incredible manner. Footnote 31: Garnier: “La Thyroide dans les maladies infectieuses,” Thèse de Paris, 1899. Footnote 32: Hertoghe: Loc. cit. Footnote 33: Perrando: “Sulla struttura della Tiroide,” Sassari, 1900. The influence of the thyroid upon the skeleton is also shown by the fact, established by Gauthier,[34] that in a fracture with but little tendency to the formation of a callus, union takes place much more quickly after administration of thyroid extract. Footnote 34: Les Médications thyroidiennes, 1902. In Graves’s disease, with exaggeration of the thyroid activity, there is, on the other hand, an increased elimination of the most important constituent of the skeletal tissues: calcium carbonate, and this occurs also in acromegaly and diabetes, in which conditions the thyroid is very frequently altered (Lorand[35]).