Spain, feared by England in sixteenth century, 14; supremacy of, 14; her barbarities compared with those of Turkey, 15; natural foe of France, 17; sea-power crushed by the Dutch admirals, 18; oppressions of the Dutch, 36, 146; her cruelties, 162; her colonial policy, 224; Cromwell’s interference with, 226; war with France, 226, 227; defeated by England in the Netherlands, 229 Spaniards, English victories over them on the sea, 182; their cruelty, 218 Speaker of the House, Cromwell’s letter to, 105 Speeches, character of Cromwell’s, 202, 205 Star Chamber, the, 28; its subserviency to the King, 32; Cromwell’s hatred of, 53; abolished by Long Parliament, 54 States rights, doctrine of, in the United States, 62; in English counties, 63 Steward. _See Cromwell, Elizabeth S._ Stirling, assembling of Scotch forces there, 174 Strafford, Lord, minister of Charles I., his jealousy of Buckingham, 27; his abetting of the King, 33; raised to the Peerage, 34; his rule in Ireland, 35, 36; returns from Ireland, 41; his impeachment and defence, 51; death, 53; the King’s treachery to him, 137 Strategy, lack of, in 1643, 79; Cromwell’s principles of, 168; “Stonewall” Jackson’s and Cromwell’s compared, 171 Stuart, American Confederate cavalry commander, 70 Stuart, House of the, 139; its weakness against the Commonwealth, 139; re-establishment of, 233 Stuarts, the English Kings, 7; England under their rule, 8; their supposed spiritual supremacy, 9; their ignorance of their people, 11; weakness of their domestic and foreign policy, 20; their belief in the divine right of kings, 21; reactionary type of, 24; their power curtailed by Petition of Right, 28; Charles I. the type of, 134; their bearing in exile, 199; comparisons with Cromwell, 211; their Restoration, 214; taxation during their reigns, 216, 225 Suffrage, manhood, advocated by the Levellers, 112; under the Protectorate, 201 Sunday, observance of, 214 Supreme Council of Dublin, the, 150 Sweden, champion of the Reformation, 26 Swiss mercenaries, hired by Cromwell, 228 Swords, use of, by cavalry, 60 Syracusans, the, oppressions of, 210 Tactics, shock and fire compared, 59; at Marston Moor, 86; Scots’, at Preston, 125 Tartar yoke in Russia, the, 210 Taxation, in England, by Parliament, 184; under the Protectorate, 216; under the Commonwealth, 217 Ten Commandments, the, 46 Thirty Years’ War, the, France’s share in, 17; in Germany, 26; its height at death of Gustaphus, 39; its influence on Cromwell, 44; soldiery in, 65; Cromwell’s inclination to take part in it, 118 Thornhaugh, Colonel, Parliamentary leader of horse, 128 Tilly, 129, 156 Timoleon, 208 Tithes, 193 Tolerance, in the modern world, 12; falseness of, in seventeenth century, 19. _See also Catholics; Cromwell; Puritans, etc._