Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic ArtHyde, Walter Woodburn
History
Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art
Hyde, Walter Woodburn
Olympics; Sculpture, Greek; Sports -- Greece
inscribed cauldron from Cumae, which was a prize at the games there in
honor of Onomastos, is in the British Museum,[133] while measures of
barley and corn were prizes at the _Eleusinia_.[134] While presents of
value continued to be given at the local games,[135] a simple wreath
of leaves gradually came to be the prize offered the victor at the
great national festivals. Pausanias[136] says that this was composed
of wild olive (κότινος) at Olympia, of laurel (δάφνη) at Delphi, of
pine (πίτυς) at the Isthmus, and of celery (σέλινον) at Nemea. Phlegon
says that the olive wreath was first used by Iphitos in Ol. 7 (= 752
B. C.), when it was given to the Messenian runner Daïkles,[137] and
that for the preceding Olympiads there was no crown.[138] Probably
before that date tripods and other articles of value were the prizes
at Olympia, as we know they were elsewhere. Pausanias says that the
wild olive came from the land of the Hyperboreans.[139] Pindar calls it
merely olive (ἐλαία), and not wild olive.[140] The Athenian tradition
was that the olive which Herakles planted at Olympia was a shoot of
a sacred tree which grew on the banks of the Ilissos in Attica.[141]
Phlegon also says that the first crown came from Attika. In later days
the Olympic wreaths were cut from the “Olive of the Faircrown”;[142]
its branches were cut with a golden sickle by a boy whose parents
must be living;[143] it grew at Olympia in a spot near the so-called
Pantheion,[144] which was probably a grove behind the temple of
Zeus.[145] The laurel prize at the Pythian games replaced the older
articles of value or money in 582 B. C.[146] It came from Tempe and
was plucked by a boy whose parents must be living.[147] The wreath
is seen on late Delphian coins of the imperial age.[148] Lucian also
states that apples were given as prizes at Delphi.[149] Wild celery was
the prize at the Isthmus in the time of Pindar.[150] It was dried or
withered to differentiate it from the fresh celery used at Nemea.[151]
Later writers say that the wreath was of the leaves of the pine,[152]
which was the tree sacred to Poseidon. Probably pine leaves composed
the older wreath, a practice certainly revived again in later Roman
imperial days;[153] for while on coins of Augustus and Nero celery is
represented, those of Antoninus Pius and Lucius Verus show pine.[154] A
row of pine trees lined the approach to Poseidon’s sanctuary.[155] The
prize at Nemea was celery and not parsley, as many wrongly interpret
the wreath appearing on Selinuntian coins.[156] Pausanias also states
that at most Greek games a palm wreath was placed in the victor’s right
hand.[157] The palm as a symbol of victory occurs first toward the end
of the fifth century B. C.[158]
DEDICATION OF ATHLETE PRIZES.
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