On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)Somerville, Mary
History
On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)
Somerville, Mary
Matter -- Constitution; Microscopy; Natural history
The Errant Worms have a distinct small head with a mouth, or rather an
orifice, on the upper side of it, through which a cylindrical gullet is
from time to time turned inside out, forming a kind of pear-shaped bag,
whose surface is studded with secreting glands; and its extremity, which
is perforated, is surrounded by a muscle that contracts strongly on
whatever it is applied to, and holds it firmly while the re-inversion of
the sac draws it into the body to be digested. This apparatus is unarmed
in the genera Arenicola, Phyllodoce, and others, but in the Nereis it
has one pair of strong curved horny jaws. In the Eunice there are three
toothed jaws on one side and four jaws on the other side of the gullet,
each pair having a different form, and the tiny Lombrinereis has eight
little black hooks which are seen through its pellucid tissues, snapping
like so many pairs of hooked scissors. The Errant Worms are voraciously
carnivorous, and when the gullet is turned inside out the toothed jaws
project, seize the prey, and drag it into a ciliated alimentary canal,
for there is no proper stomach in these worms. The canal is generally
straight, and terminates in a vent at the posterior end of the body.
The respiratory organs of the Errantia are external gills of great
variety of forms: they are chiefly like branching trees, or filamentary
bushes, traversed by capillary bloodvessels. They are sometimes small,
and arranged on every segment along both sides of the back; sometimes
they are large and fixed only at intervals. Like the lower Annelids,
they have two liquid systems, one red and the other colourless, and the
circulation of the blood is the same; but as the pulsations of the
vessel behind the head are too feeble to send the blood through the
labyrinth of capillary vessels in these long worms, there is a
supplementary heart, or pulsating vessel, in each segment of the worm,
which partakes in and facilitates the general circulation.
The Eunice and other very long worms may have hundreds of these centres
of propulsion, which make the circulation rapid; and it is increased by
the restlessness and activity of the worms themselves, which bring their
gills perpetually into new strata of water.
The nervous system of the Errantia consists of a double cord extending
along the ventral side of the body, and united at equal intervals by
double nerve-centres, as in fig. 131; but in the Annelids the two cords
diverge below the gullet, surround it, unite again above that tube, and
form a principal bilobed nerve-centre or brain. Each segment of the worm
is occupied by a small double nerve-centre. In some of these marine
worms there are hundreds of segments and as many nerve-centres. There
are more than a thousand of these pairs of nerve-centres on the ventral
cord of the Nemertes gigas, or Great Band Worm, which is sometimes forty
feet long and an inch broad. The head is like a snake, and the bristled
feet are jointed to enable it to move over hard surfaces.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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