On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of KnowledgeFullerton, George Stuart
Philosophy
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge
Fullerton, George Stuart
Knowledge, Theory of
however, no desire to assume any point in dispute by juggling with a
word, and will try to keep clearly in mind the meaning of the word thus
assumed whenever I use it.
Now, the experience which leads me to say that I and another man see
the same object is just this: I perceive a particular object, and in a
certain relation to it I perceive the body of another man. From a past
experience of my own body in relation to objects and from reasoning
by analogy, I have come to connect such a relation of another body to
the object with the thought of another consciousness of the object as
connected with that body. Just as I perceive my own body to perform
certain actions when I am conscious of perceiving the object, so
I perceive this other body with which I have connected in thought
a consciousness of the object to perform similar acts in response
to similar relations towards the object. It is wholly a matter of
observation in my own case that the perception of my own body in this
or that relation to an object is a _sine qua non_ to the perception of
the object. And it is wholly a matter of reasoning from like to like
that leads me to connect in thought sensations or percepts with any
other animal body whatever. When I say, therefore, that I and another
man are perceiving the same thing, there is in my mind a complex
consisting of a percept or idea of the thing, a percept or idea of the
man's body, and the thought of a percept connected with this body. When
I say that he is thinking of us both as seeing the same thing, I call
up in mind a similar complex and connect it in thought with his body.
Whatever I may believe as to the existence or non-existence of things
lying beyond this sphere, and supposed to cause these experiences,
these are the experiences to which I ultimately refer when I speak of
two men as seeing the same object, and these furnish the whole ground
for the existence of the phrase.
The percept of the object which I connect in thought with the other
man's body need not be wholly similar to my percept of the object.
The man who has discovered that he is color-blind, does not suppose
that men not similarly afflicted see just what he does in looking
at a cherry tree full of ripe fruit. Nevertheless, he still speaks
of himself and others as seeing the same objects. If another man's
body is not exactly like mine, I am not justified by argument from
similarity in reading into it an exactly similar experience. It is not
the similarity of the two percepts that I am thinking of chiefly when
I speak of them as percepts of the same object. I am thinking of the
relation in which I suppose them to stand to each other. I think of the
possible existence of the one under given circumstances as conditioning
the possible existence of the other.
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