On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of KnowledgeFullerton, George Stuart
Philosophy
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge
Fullerton, George Stuart
Knowledge, Theory of
"While speaking of resemblance, it is necessary to take notice of an
ambiguity of language, against which scarcely any one is sufficiently
on his guard. Resemblance, when it exists in the highest degree of all,
amounting to undistinguishableness, is often called identity, and the
two similar things are said to be the same. I say often, not always;
for we do not say that two visible objects, two persons, for instance,
are the same, because they are so much alike that one might be mistaken
for the other: but we constantly use this mode of expression when
speaking of feelings; as when I say that the sight of any object gives
me the _same_ sensation or emotion to-day that it did yesterday, or
the _same_ which it gives to some other person. This is evidently an
incorrect application of the word _same_; for the feeling which I had
yesterday is gone, never to return; what I have to-day is another
feeling, exactly like the former, perhaps, but distinct from it; and it
is evident that two different persons cannot be experiencing the same
feeling, in the sense in which we say that they are both sitting at the
same table. By a similar ambiguity we say, that two persons are ill of
the _same_ disease; that two persons hold the _same_ office; not in
the sense in which we say that they are engaged in the same adventure,
or sailing in the same ship, but in the sense that they fill offices
exactly similar, though, perhaps, in distant places. Great confusion of
ideas is often produced, and many fallacies engendered, in otherwise
enlightened understandings, by not being sufficiently alive to the fact
(in itself not always to be avoided), that they use the same name to
express ideas so different as those of identity and undistinguishable
resemblance."[60]
[60] "A System of Logic," Book I, Chap. III, § 11, N. Y., 1882,
p. 62.
It will be seen that Mill here draws a line between sameness in sense
first and the samenesses in which there is an element of duality.
He also draws attention to the fact--a fact to which I have already
referred--that successive mental elements, considered in themselves,
are more likely to be confounded than material things, though these
last may be quite as closely similar. Language shows how men overlook
the duality of two similar feelings which differ only in time. They
may speak of two similar objects as the same, as they frequently do,
and yet they will not usually lose the sense of their twoness. They
say _these_ objects are the same. But when they compare a feeling
experienced to-day with one experienced yesterday, they say _this_ is
the same feeling I had yesterday. There is nothing in the language used
to indicate duality at all.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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