On the Origin of Clockwork, Perpetual Motion Devices, and the CompassPrice, Derek J. de Solla (Derek John de Solla)
History
On the Origin of Clockwork, Perpetual Motion Devices, and the Compass
Price, Derek J. de Solla (Derek John de Solla)
Clocks and watches; Horology
It seems probable that some of these water clocks could have been simple
drip clepsydras, with perhaps a striking arrangement added. A most
fortunate discovery by Drover has now brought to light a manuscript
illumination that shows that these water clocks, at least by _ca,_ 1285,
had become more complex and were rather similar in appearance to the
Alfonsine mercury drum.[34] The illustration (fig. 19) is from a
moralized Bible written in northern France, and accompanies the passage
where King Hezekiah is given a sign by the Lord, the sun being moved
back ten steps of the clock. The picture clearly shows the central water
wheel and below it a dog's head spout gushing water into a bucket
supported by chains, with a (weight?) cord running behind. Above the
wheel is a carillon of bells, and to one side a rosette which might be a
fly or a model sun. The wheel appears to have 15 compartments, each with
a central hole (perhaps similar to that in the Alfonsine clock) and it
is supported on a square axle by a bracket, the axle being wedged in the
traditional fashion. The projections at the edge of the wheel might be
gear teeth, but more likely they are used only for tripping the striking
mechanism. If it were not for the running water spout it would be very
close to the Alfonsine model; but with this evidence it seems impossible
to arrive at a clear mechanical interpretation.
From the adjacent region there is another account of a striking water
clock, the evidence being inscriptions on slates, discovered in Villers
Abbey near Brussels;[35] these may be closely dated as 1267 or 1268 and
provide the remains of a memorandum for the sacrist and his assistants
in charge of the clock.
Always set the clock, however long you may delay on [the
letter "A"] afterwards you shall pour water from the
little pot (pottulo) that is there, into the reservoir
(cacabum) until it reaches the prescribed level, and you
must do the same when you set [the clock] after compline
so that you may sleep soundly.
A quite different sort of evidence is to be had from the writings of
Robertus Anglicus in 1271 where one gets the impression that just at
this time there was active interest in the attempt to make a
weight-driven anaphoric clock and to regulate its motion by some
unstated method so that it would keep time with the diurnal rotation of
the heavens:[36]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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