Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of AmericaAudubon, John James
Science
Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America
Audubon, John James
Birds -- North America
Bill about the length of the head, slender, tapering, much compressed,
nearly straight, extremely attenuated towards the end. Upper mandible
with the dorsal line slightly arched, the ridge rather broad and convex
at the base, narrow towards the end, the sides nearly erect, the edges
sharp and direct. Nasal groove short, extending to a fourth of the
length of the bill; nostrils basal, linear, direct, pervious. Lower
mandible with the angle extremely narrow, very acute, extending to the
middle, the dorsal line straightish, the sides erect, the edges sharp
and inflected, the tip extremely acute.
Head of moderate size, ovate; neck short; body very slender; feet
small. Tibia bare below; tarsus very short, slender, compressed,
covered anteriorly with small scutella, laterally and behind with
reticular scales; toes small, slender, the first extremely small, the
third longest, the fourth considerably shorter, all scutellate above,
the anterior united by reticulated webs having a deeply concave margin.
Claws arched, compressed, acute, that of hind toe smallest, of middle
toe by much the largest, and having its inner edge thin and dilated.
Plumage soft, close, blended, very short on the fore part of the head;
the feathers in general broad and rounded. Wings very long, narrow, and
pointed; primary quills tapering, straight, the first longest, the next
five-twelfths of an inch shorter, the rest rapidly graduated; secondary
quills short, broad, incurved, narrowed towards the end, the inner
straight. Tail rather long, very deeply forked, the lateral feathers
extending an inch and seven-twelfths beyond the fork.
Bill light yellowish-orange, its tips black, but the extreme points
horn-colour. Iris hazel; feet light orange-red, the bare part of the
tibia dusky; claws black. On the forehead, a triangular white patch
extending to the middle of the eye; upper part of the head and the
nape, with a line from the eye to the bill, deep black; sides of the
head, fore-neck and lower parts, pure white; back and wings very pale
bluish-grey; first two quills with the outer web greyish-black, and
rather less than half of their inner web of the same colour, the rest
white, extending to about half an inch from their extremities. Tail
white in summer, of a paler tint than the back at other times.
Length to end of tail 8-3/4 inches, to end of wings 9-1/2, to end
of claws 7-1/2, to end of shortest tail-feathers 7; extent of wings
18-3/4; wing from flexure 6-11/12; tail 3-1/2; bill along the ridge
7-1/2 twelfths, along the edge of lower mandible 1-5/12; tarsus 7/12;
middle toe 7/12, its claw 5/12.
The Female is a little smaller than the male, but otherwise similar.
Young fledged. Plate CCCXIX. Fig. 2.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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