Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of AmericaAudubon, John James
Science
Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America
Audubon, John James
Birds -- North America
The upper mandible is broadly and deeply concave. The tongue, which is
thick and fleshy, as in other ducks, is 2-2/12 inches long, its sides
parallel, slightly sloping, and furnished with two series of bristly
filaments; its base with numerous straight conical papillæ directed
backwards, its upper surface marked with a broad median groove, the
lower flat, its extremity formed by a thin semi-circular appendage,
a quarter of an inch in length. The œsophagus passes along the right
side of the neck, for six inches has a diameter of 5/12 then dilates
to 9/12, so as to form a slight crop, again contracts as it enters the
thorax, and in terminating forms the proventriculus, which is 1-3/4
inches in length, with oblong glandules, generally a twelfth of an
inch in length. The stomach is a very large and powerful gizzard, of
a broadly elliptical form, with extremely thick lateral muscles, the
left being 11/12 in thickness, the right 10/12, the tendons large and
strong. The transverse diameter of the gizzard is 2-11/12 inches, the
longitudinal, from the cardiac orifice to the bulge of the inferior
muscle, 2-1/12. Its cuticular lining is of very dense texture, and
rugous; the grinding plates opposite the lateral muscles about half a
twelfth thick, and slightly rugous. The intestine, which is 5 feet 9
inches in length, first forms in the usual manner the duodenal fold,
at the distance of 5 inches from the pylorus, encloses the pancreas,
receives the biliary ducts, and passing under the right lobe of the
liver, proceeds backward beneath the kidneys, is convoluted in several
large folds, and finally from above the stomach, passes in a direct
course to the anus. Its coats are thick, its inner surface villous, and
its diameter is considerable, being in the first part of the duodenum
9/12, then for two feet from 5/12 to 4/12, enlarged again to 6/12,
and so continuing to the rectum, which is 6 inches long, 1/2 inch
in diameter, and ends in an enlargement or cloaca, about an inch in
diameter. The cœca, which commence at the distance of 6 inches from
the anus, are 8 inches long, slender, 2/12 in diameter for 3 inches,
afterwards about 3/12, with the extremity obtuse. The œsophagus and
stomach contained young shoots of _Zostera marina_, and in the latter
were numerous particles of quartz.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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