Bough Branch. Buy Purchase. Feeling Sentiment. Friendly Amiable. Hearty Cordial. Luck Fortune. Meal Flour. Mild Gentle. Wish Desire. Work Labour. Wretched Miserable. Wright Carpenter. 35. =BILINGUALISM.=--During the three centuries which lay between 1066 and 1362, the English and the Normans had to meet each other constantly in the field, in the church, at markets, and in towns and villages. They had to buy and sell from each other; to give and take orders from and to each other; and to speak with each other on many kinds of business. They also intermarried. Thus the Norman got slowly into the habit of joining an English word with his French word--so as to make it clear to the Englishman; while the Englishman, on his side, joined the corresponding French word--when he happened to know it--to the English word he had to employ. These words, ever after, ran in couples; and this habit of going in couples became a habit of the language. Hence it is that, in the opening words of our Prayer-Book, we use such couples as _assemble_ and _meet together_; _acknowledge_ and _confess_; _dissemble_ and _cloak_; and _humble_ and _lowly_. The words _meet together_, _acknowledge_, _cloak_, and _lowly_, represent the purely English part of the congregation; while the Norman-French supplies such words as _assemble_, _confess_, _dissemble_, and _humble_. The great poet of the fourteenth century--Chaucer--has hundreds of examples of such phrases. He gives us, for example, _hunting_ and _venerye_; _mirth_ and _jollity_; _care_ and _heed_; _swinke_ and _labour_; _pray_ and _beseech_; a _wright_ and _carpenter_. The practice of using these pairs of words has very greatly diminished in our day; but a few examples still keep their place in the language. Such are _will and testament_, _use and wont_, _aid and abet_, and several others. 36. =DOUBLETS.=--It is chiefly to the same Norman-French influence that we owe a minor phenomenon of the language--the appearance of two forms of the same word. These two forms are called =doublets=. The Norman-French could not pronounce our semi-vowel _w_. They had either to make a _v_ of it, or a hard _g_. They preferred the hard _g_; and, to keep it hard, they added a _u_. Thus, for _wile_, they said _guile_; for _wise_ (= _manner_), they said _guise_; for _ward_, _guard_; for _warden_, _guardian_; for _wardrobe_, _garderobe_; for _warrant_, _guarantee_; and so on.