37. =DOUBLETS FROM DIALECTS AND OTHER SOURCES.=--Besides the doublets due to Norman-French influences, there are many interesting cases which may be referred to. Some are evidently due to differences of dialect. The English language grew up from different centres, which had little or no connection with each other, on account of the difficulties of travelling. Hence a word would take different forms in different dialects--like _church_ in the south of the English-speaking country, and _kirk_ in the north; so also with _cole_, of which the northern form is _kail_. Sometimes one word is merely a later and modified form of another, as _draw_ of _drag_. In all cases doublets are forms of the same word, which have come through different experiences of place, or time, or other influence. In short, they should be recognised as really one word, with a difference in spelling and meaning, resulting from its history. Other specimens of doublets are _down_ and _dune_; _shriek_ and _screech_; _shell_ and _scale_; _wagon_ and _wain_. 38. =PRONUNCIATION.=--The Norman-French refined our mode of speaking; made the existing vowel-sounds less coarse; gave us some new vowel-sounds; and, above all, taught us to give up most of our rough throat-sounds or gutturals. They gradually turned out the gutturals from the beginning of words; and _genoh_ became _enough_, and _gif_, _if_. They turned them out of the middle of words; and _nagel_ became _nail_, and _hagel_, _hail_. They got rid of them at the ends of words; and we no longer pronounce the guttural in _flight_, _might_, _right_, and _sight_. This is all the more absurd and remarkable that we write _the sound that once was there_ with two strong gutturals, _g_ and _h_. Sometimes the influence of the Norman-French was to turn the guttural into a kind of hissing sound or sibilant; and it is in this way that we came to say _teach_, _beseech_, and _catch_. But the _ch_ in these words comes back to its older use, and becomes a _gh_ again, in the past tense--in _taught_, _besought_, and _caught_.