Outlines of a Critical Theory of EthicsDewey, John
Philosophy
Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics
Dewey, John
Ethics
"Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all, or almost
all who have experience of both, give a decided preference,
irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer
it, that is the more desirable pleasure." It is an
unquestionable fact that such differences exist. "Few human
creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower
animals for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's
pleasures. No intelligent person would consent to be a
fool; no instructed person would be an ignoramus; no person
of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base,
even though they should be persuaded that the fool, the
dunce or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than
they are with theirs.... It is better to be a human being
dissatisfied, than a pig satisfied; better to be a Socrates
dissatisfied, than a fool satisfied. And if the fool or the
pig are of a different opinion, it is because they only
know their own side of the question. The other party to the
comparison knows both sides."--Mill, Op. cit., pp. 311-313.
And in an omitted portion Mill says the reason that one
of the higher faculty would prefer a suffering which goes
along with that higher capacity, to more pleasure on a
lower plane, is something of which "the most appropriate
appellation is a sense of dignity, which all human beings
possess in one form or another."
A question immediately arises regarding this standard of preferability.
Is it the mere historical fact that some man, who has experienced both,
prefers A to B that makes A more desirable? Surely I might say that if
that person prefers A, A is more desirable to him, but that I for my
part prefer B, and that I do not intend to give up my preference. And
why should I, even though thousands of other men happened to prefer A?
B is the greater pleasure, none the less, to me, and as a hedonist I
must cling to the only standard that I have. The hedonists, in a word,
have appealed to feeling, and to feeling they must go for judgment. And
feeling exists only as it is felt and only to him who feels it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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