=D.= He was the son of Edward IV. =B.= In the Sanctuary at Westminster 1470. Said to have been =murdered= in the Tower about Aug., 1483. =R.= from April 9 to June 26, 1483. 1483. Richard, duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle, made protector. Lord Hastings, and the earl of Rivers, the king's maternal uncle, executed. =Richard was offered the crown, which he accepted.= RICHARD III., surnamed CROOKBACK. =D.= He was brother of Edward IV. =B.= at Fotheringay Castle, 1450. =M.= Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick, and widow of Prince Edward. =Slain= at Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485. =R.= 2 years (1483 to 1485). 1483. The duke of Buckingham, hitherto Richard's chief adherent, joined in a conspiracy to raise Henry, earl of Richmond, to the throne, but was captured, and beheaded at Salisbury. 1484. A parliament met, and enacted several beneficial laws: these laws were the first entirely drawn up in English. On the death of his son, Richard declared his nephew, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, heir to the throne. 1485. =Henry of Richmond invaded England.= The two armies met at BOSWORTH, where =Richard was defeated and slain= (Aug. 22). THE TUDOR LINE. HENRY VII., of RICHMOND. =D.= Henry was the son of Margaret (daughter of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset) and of Edmund Tudor. John Beaufort's father was an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt. =B.= probably at Pembroke, 1456. =M.= Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. =Dd.= at Richmond, April 21, 1509. =R.= 23-3/4 years (1485 to 1509). 1485. The earl of Warwick, son of the duke of Clarence, confined in the Tower. Parliament settled the crown on Henry and his heirs. 1486. Henry married Elizabeth, and =the rival claims of the two houses were blended=. _The Court of Star Chamber established._ 1487. Lambert Simnel appeared in Ireland, and, personating the earl of Warwick, was proclaimed king as Edward VI. He and his supporters landed in England, and were defeated at STOKE, near Newark (June 16). 1492. Perkin Warbeck appeared in Ireland, and declared himself to be Richard, duke of York (son of Edward IV.), generally supposed to have been murdered in the Tower. =Columbus discovered America.= Henry invaded France, but soon concluded a peace with Charles VIII. at ~Estaples~ (Nov. 3). Charles agreed to pay £149,000, partly to reimburse Henry for his expenses in a war in Brittany, and partly as arrears of Edward's pension. 1494. Joan Boughton, the first English female martyr, burnt for heresy. 1496. James IV. of Scotland espoused the cause of Warbeck, and invaded England. None of the English joined the invaders, and the Scots returned laden with plunder.