1497. A heavy tax, voted by parliament for war with Scotland, led to an insurrection in Cornwall. The insurgents marched to BLACKHEATH, near London, where they were defeated (June 22). Warbeck landed in Cornwall, and besieged Exeter, but retreated on the approach of the royal forces. He afterwards surrendered, and was sent prisoner to London. John Cabot and his son Sebastian discovered Newfoundland. Vasco de Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope. 1499. Warbeck and the earl of Warwick executed for high treason. 1501. Prince Arthur married Catherine of Arragon. He died in the following year. 1503. James IV. of Scotland married the king's daughter Margaret. Henry, whose ruling passion was avarice, exacted, in the course of his reign, immense sums from his subjects by unjust and irregular means. He is said to have died worth £1,800,000. The chief instruments of his exactions were two lawyers, named Empson and Dudley. HENRY VIII. =D.= He was the son of Henry VII. =B.= at Greenwich, 1491. =M.= (1) Catherine of Arragon, his brother's widow, whom he divorced--she died 1536; (2) Anne Boleyn, beheaded for alleged immorality, May 19, 1536; (3) Jane Seymour, the day after Anne's execution--she died 1537; (4) Anne of Cleves, whom he divorced; (5) Catherine Howard, beheaded for immorality, Feb 13, 1542; (6) Catherine Parr, who survived him. =Dd.= at Westminster, Jan. 28, 1547. =R.= 37-3/4 years (1509 to 1547). 1510. Empson and Dudley executed on a frivolous charge of high treason. 1512. War with France. Sir Edward Howard gained a victory over the French fleet near BREST (Aug. 12). 1513. Henry besieged and captured TEROUENNE. During the siege a body of French troops advanced for its relief, and were defeated at GUINEGATE: their hasty retreat led the battle to be called the "Battle of Spurs" (Aug. 16). =James IV.= invaded England, and =was defeated and slain at= FLODDEN (Sept. 9). 1514. Peace concluded with France and Scotland. 1515. Wolsey made Cardinal by the Pope, and chancellor by the king. In 1518 he was appointed papal legate. 1520. Henry visited Francis I. of France. The place where they met called "The Field of the Cloth of Gold." 1521. Edward, duke of Buckingham, first peer of the realm, executed for high treason. Henry wrote a book against Luther, and, in return, the pope conferred on him the title of =Defender of the Faith=. 1527. =Henry began to express doubts as to the validity of his marriage with Catherine.= 1529. Cardinals Wolsey and Compeggio held a court to try the validity of the marriage, but adjourned it without coming to any decision. Wolsey sentenced, soon after, to the loss of his goods, and imprisonment during the king's pleasure, for having received bulls from Rome. _Henry released from his debts by statute._ 1530. Wolsey pardoned, but afterwards arrested for treason. He died in Leicester Abbey on his way to the Tower.