=D.= He was the son of Matilda and of Geoffrey Plantagenet, and grandson of Henry I. =B.= at Mans, 1133. =M.= Eleanor of Poitou. =Dd.= at Chinon, July 6, 1189. =R.= 34-1/2 years (1154 to 1189). 1157. Henry invaded Wales: his army surprised and nearly cut off. 1162. =Thomas a Becket appointed archbishop of Canterbury.= Differences soon arose between him and the king. 1164. _Constitutions of Clarendon drawn up._ Becket fled to France. The constitutions were sixteen in number. The most important were,--that clergymen charged with crimes should be tried in the civil courts;--that all causes not strictly ecclesiastical should be tried in the same courts;--that no clergyman of high rank should leave the country without the king's consent;--that no appeals should be made to Rome without his consent;--that no tenant-in-chief, or officer of his household, should be excommunicated without his consent;--that the king should enjoy the revenues of vacant sees;--and that no prelate should be elected without his assent. 1165. Henry invaded Wales a second time, and defeated the Welsh on the banks of the CIEROC, in Denbighshire. 1169. Richard Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, and other knights, aided Dermot in his attempt to recover the kingdom of Leinster, from which he had been driven. 1170. Henry and Becket were reconciled. =Becket= returned to England, and =was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral= (Dec. 29). 1171. =Henry invaded Ireland, and was acknowledged lord of the country.= In the second year of his reign (1155) he had obtained a bull from Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspear, the only Englishman who ever sat on the papal throne), authorizing him to subject the people of that country, but hitherto other affairs had prevented him from undertaking the enterprise. 1173. Three of Henry's sons rebelled against him, and were aided by the kings of France and Scotland. 1174. William, king of Scotland, invaded the country, and was defeated and taken prisoner at ALNWICK (July 12). Henry did penance at the tomb of Becket. William released on agreeing to a treaty by which Scotland was declared a vassal dependency of England. 1176. England divided into six circuits, and _ITINERANT JUSTICES APPOINTED TO TRY CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CAUSES IN EACH COUNTY_. 1183. Civil war between Henry's children. 1187. Richard revolted against his father, and joined Philip II. of France. =Saladin captured Jerusalem.= 1189. Peace concluded between Henry and Philip at Tours; the terms unfavourable to Henry. In this reign _the common law of England probably originated_. RICHARD I., surnamed COEUR DE LION. =D.= He was the eldest surviving son of Henry II. =B.= at Oxford, 1157. =M.= Berengaria, daughter of Sancho, king of Navarre. =Mortally wounded= while besieging the castle of Chaluz; he died April 6, 1199. =R.= 9-1/2 years (1189 to 1199).