I have to express my indebtedness to my friend, Mr. J. Scott Riddell, M.V.O., M.A., M.B., C.M., Senior Surgeon, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, for his great kindness in reading the proof-sheets, preparing the index and seeing this book through the press and so removing one of the difficulties which an author writing overseas has to encounter; also to my publishers for their courtesy and attention. JAMES SANDS ELLIOTT. _Wellington, New Zealand._ _January 5, 1914._ CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER I. EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE. 1 Origin of Healing--Temples--Lectisternium--Temple of Æsculapius--Archagathus--Domestic Medicine--Greek Doctors--Cloaca Maxima--Aqueducts--State of the early Empire CHAPTER II. EARLY GREEK MEDICINE. 13 Apollo--Æsculapius--Temples--Serpents--Gods of Health--Melampus--Homer--Machaon--Podalarius--Temples of Æsculapius--Methods of Treatment--Gymnasia--Classification of Renouard--Pythagoras--Democedes--Greek Philosophers CHAPTER III. HIPPOCRATES. 25 His life and works--His influence on Medicine CHAPTER IV. PLATO, ARISTOTLE, THE SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA, AND EMPIRICISM. 39 Plato--Aristotle--Alexandrian School--Its Origin--Its Influence--Lithotomy--Herophilus--Erasistratus--Cleombrotus-- Chrysippos--Anatomy--Empiricism--Serapion of Alexandria CHAPTER V. ROMAN MEDICINE AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE. 51 Asclepiades of Prusa--Themison of Laodicea--Methodism--Wounds of Julius Cæsar--Systems of Philosophy--State of the country--Roman quacks--Slaves and Freedmen--Lucius Horatillavus CHAPTER VI. IN THE REIGN OF THE CÆSARS TO THE DEATH OF NERO. 63 Augustus--His illnesses--Antonius Musa--Mæcenas--Tiberius-- Caligula--Claudius--Nero--Seneca--Astrology--Archiater--Women poisoners--Oculists in Rome CHAPTER VII. PHYSICIANS FROM THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS TO THE DEATH OF NERO. 72 Celsus--His life and works--His influence on Medicine--Meges of Sidon--Apollonius of Tyana--Alleged miracles--Vettius Valleus--Scribonius Longus--Andromachus--Thessalus of Tralles--Pliny CHAPTER VIII. THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 86 Athenæus--Pneumatism--Eclectics--Agathinus--Aretæus--Archigenes-- Dioscorides--Cassius Felix--Pestilence in Rome--Ancient surgical instruments--Herodotus--Heliodorus--Cælius Aurelianus--Soranus-- Rufus of Ephesus--Marinus--Quintus CHAPTER IX. GALEN. 96 His life and works--His influence on Medicine CHAPTER X. THE LATER ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIOD. 111 Beginning of Decline--Neoplatonism--Antyllus--Oribasius--Magnus-- Jacobus Psychristus--Adamantius--Meletius--Nemesius--Ætius-- Alexander of Tralles--The Plague--Moschion--Paulus Ægineta--Decline of Healing Art CHAPTER XI.