INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY ON ALTRUISM AND THE HEALING ART. 127 Essenes--Cabalists and Gnostics--Object of Christ's Mission--Stoics--Constantine and Justinian--Gladiatorial Games--Orphanages--Support of the Poor--Hospitals--Their Foundation--Christianity and Hospitals--Fabiola--Christian Philanthropy--Demon Theories of Disease receive the Church's Sanction--Monastic Medicine--Miracles of Healing--St. Paul--St. Luke--Proclus--Practice of Anatomy denounced--Christianity the prime factor in promoting Altruism CHAPTER XII. GYMNASIA AND BATHS. 143 Gymnastics--Vitruvius--Opinions of Ancient Physicians on Gymnastics--The Athletes--The Baths--Description of Baths at Pompeii--Thermæ--Baths of Caracalla CHAPTER XIII. SANITATION. 155 Water-supply--Its extent--The Aqueducts--Distribution in city--Drainage--Disposal of the Dead--Cremation and Burial--Catacombs--Public Health Regulations APPENDIX. FEES IN ANCIENT TIMES 162 ILLUSTRATIONS. Asklepios, the ancient Greek Deity of Healing _frontispiece_ Machaon (Son of Asklepios), the first Greek Military Surgeon, attending to the wounded Menelaus _p._ 17 PLATE I.--Bust of Æsculapius _face p._ 13 " II.--Hygeia, the Greek Deity of Health " 15 " III.--Facade of Temple of Asklepios, restored (Delfrasse) " 18 " IV.--Health Temple, restored (Caton) " 20 OUTLINES OF Greek and Roman Medicine CHAPTER I. EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE. Origin of Healing--Temples--Lectisternium--Temple of Æsculapius--Archagathus--Domestic Medicine--Greek Doctors--Cloaca Maxima--Aqueducts--State of the early Empire. The origin of the healing art in Ancient Rome is shrouded in uncertainty. The earliest practice of medicine was undoubtedly theurgic, and common to all primitive peoples. The offices of priest and of medicine-man were combined in one person, and magic was invoked to take the place of knowledge. There is much scope for the exercise of the imagination in attempting to follow the course of early man in his efforts to bring plants into medicinal use. That some of the indigenous plants had therapeutic properties was often an accidental discovery, leading in the next place to experiment and observation. Cornelius Agrippa, in his book on occult philosophy, states that mankind has learned the use of many remedies from animals. It has even been suggested that the use of the enema was discovered by observing a long-beaked bird drawing up water into its beak, and injecting the water into the bowel. The practice of healing, crude and imperfect, progressed slowly in ancient times and was conducted in much the same way in Rome, and among the Egyptians, the Jews, the Chaldeans, Hindus and Parsees, and the Chinese and Tartars.