Outlines of Zuñi Creation Myths: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 321-448Cushing, Frank Hamilton
History
Outlines of Zuñi Creation Myths: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 321-448
Cushing, Frank Hamilton
Zuni mythology
According to their own showing in the myths they were, while a
masterful people, neither so numerous at the time of their coming, nor
so advanced, nor so settled, as were the peoples whom they "overtook"
from time to time as they neared the land of Zuñi or the "Middle of the
world." They did not cultivate the soil, or, at least, apparently did
not cultivate corn to any considerable extent before they met the first
of these peoples, for, to use their own words, they were "ever seeking
seeds of the grasses like birds on the mesas."
There is abundant reason for supposing that the "elder nations"--these
peoples whom they "overtook," the "People of the Dew," the "Black
people," and the "Corn people" of the "towns builded round"--were
direct and comparatively unchanged descendants of the famous cliff
dwellers of the Mancos, San Juan, and other canyons of Utah, Colorado,
and northern New Mexico. The evidences of this are numerous and
detailed, but only the principal of them need here be examined.
The ruins of these rounded towns of the Corn tribes which Hernando de
Alvarado and Fray Juan de Padilla saw in 1540 while going southeastward
from Zuñi, are especially characteristic of the Zuñi region, and extend
quite generally both southward toward the Rito Quemado and the Salinas
in western central New Mexico, and, by way of the Chaco, northward
nearly to the Colorado boundary. They are as often half round as they
are wholly oblong or circular, and even when completely rounded or
oval in outline are usually divided into two semicircular parts by an
irregular court or series of courts extending lengthwise through the
middle, and thus making them really double villages of the half-round
type.
A comparison of the ground plans of these round or semicircular ruins
with those of the typical cliff ruins reveals the fact that they were
simply cliff towns transferred, as it were, to the level of the open
plains or mesa tops. Their outer or encircling walls were, save at
the extremities of the courts, generally unbroken and perpendicular,
as uninterrupted and sheer, almost, as were the natural canyon walls
surrounding to the rearward the older cliff towns to which they thus
corresponded and which they apparently were built to replace; and the
houses descended like steps from these outer walls in terraced stories,
facing, like the seats of an amphitheater, the open courts, precisely
as descended the terraced stories of the cliff dwellings from the
encircling rock walls of the sheltered ledges or shelves on which they
were reared, necessarily facing in the same manner the open canyons
below. Thus the courts may be supposed to have replaced the canyons,
as the outer walls replaced the cliffs or the back walls built nearest
them in the rear of at least the deeper village caves or shelters.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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