[153] I suspect that the cross-shaped disposition of chambers was used in oriental palaces older than the Mohammadan era. It is found in the fifth-century church of Qal’at Sim’ân (de Vogüé, _La Syrie centrale_, vol. i, p. 141), for which I do not know a Western prototype. [154] Herzfeld, _Erster vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen von Sâmarrâ_, Plate 9. [155] Herzfeld, _Sâmarrâ_, Fig. 23; Bell, _Amurath to Amurath_. Fig. 148. [156] ‘Un palais musulman au IXe siècle,’ _Mémoires présentés à l’Acad. des Ins. et Belles-Lettres_, vol. xii, pt. ii. [157] _Erster vorl. Bericht_, p. 40. [158] Dr. Herzfeld believes the type to be based upon the Roman camp, a point to which I shall refer later, p. 120. [159] Sarzec-Heuzey, _Découvertes en Chaldée_, Plan A, and p. 405. It must, however, be remembered that in the plan, as we have it, the dates of the various parts of the building are hopelessly confused; Koldewey, _Das wieder erstehende Babylon_, p. 286. [160] _Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa_, p. 14. [161] _L’Acropole de Suse_, Fig. 264. [162] _Hatra_, pt. i, Fig. 32. [163] _Chaldaea and Susiana_, p. 225. [164] _Assyrian Discoveries_, pp. 146 and 429. Photograph opposite p. 308. [165] Bk. i, ch. 131. [166] Bk. xv, ch. 3, 13-16. [167] _Hatra_, pt. ii, p. 143. [168] Ibid., pt. ii, p. 109. [169] _L’Art antique_, vol. iv, p. 79. [170] In the mosque of Ibn Ṭulûn at Cairo. The origin of the minaret is a vexed question which has been treated at length by Thiersch, _Der Pharos_, and continues to be the subject of controversy. Personally I subscribe to the view of Dr. Andrae and M. Dieulafoy. [171] Koldewey, _Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa_, p. 66. [172] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. ii, pp. 448-9. [173] Koldewey, _Die Tempel von Bab. und Bor._, Plate 2; the palace has not yet been published, but the plan is given here. See, too, _Das wieder erstehende Babylon_. [174] Puchstein, _Boghaskoi_, Plates 33, 42, 44, 46, and 47. The differences are so profound that I am led to the belief that the architects of southern Hittite palaces must have been governed by cultural influences other than those which obtained at Boghâz Keui. For example, the latitudinal disposition of the chambers which characterizes the southern khilâni is absent at Boghâz Keui. Can it be that southern Hittite architecture is in truth Syrian architecture under Hittite domination? [175] Andrae, _Der Anu-Adad Tempel_, Plate 4, is an example of the symmetrical temple. On p. 83 Andrae discusses the influences under which it arose, a subject of the highest interest and importance, for which the recent excavation of the temple of Assur has given chronological data. _Mitt. der D. O.-G._, No. 44, p. 40. The plan of the Assur temple is given in _Die Festungswerke von Assur_, Plate 2. [176] Koldewey, _Sendschirli_, p. 18. [177] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. ii, Fig. 196.