[178] Koldewey, _Die Tempel von Bab. und Bor._, Plates 3, 5, 7, and 12. [179] Place, _Ninive_, vol. i, p. 101. [180] Sarre-Herzfeld, _Iranische Felsreliefs_, p. 129. [181] Nöldeke, _Geschichte der Perser und Araber_, p. 58, note. [182] Dieulafoy, _L’Art antique de la Perse_, vol. v, p. 79. [183] Delbrück, _Hellenistische Bauten_, pt. ii, p. 86. [184] For instance, the walls of Assur, _Mitt. der D. O.-G._, No. 26, p. 35, and No. 28, Fig. 11. [185] Delbrück, op. cit., pt. ii, p. 90. [186] Koepp, _Die Römer in Deutschland_, p. 76. [187] Brünnow-Domaszewski, _Die Provincia Arabia_, vol. iii, p. 221. [188] Stolle, _Das Lager und Heer der Römer_, pp. 52 et seq., 105 et seq. [189] Boṣrâ in eastern Syria, Brünnow-Domaszewski, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 2; Shuhbâ in the Ḥaurân, idem, iii, p. 146, and Butler, _Architecture and other Arts_, p. 393; Apamea in northern Syria, Butler, idem, p. 54. [190] The material for their study is ample: _Der obergermanisch-rätische Limes des Römerreiches_, published by the Reichs-Limeskommission; _Der römische Limes in Oesterreich_, published by the K. Akad. der Wissenschaften; the great camp at Novaesium published in the _Bonner Jahrbuch_, 1904; for the Saalburg see Jacobi, _Führer durch das Römerkastell Saalburg_. For Africa, Ballu, _Les Ruines de Timgad_; Gsell, _Monuments antiques de l’Algérie_; Cagnat, _Les Deux Camps de Lambèse_. For Britain, Bruce, _The Roman Wall_; Curle, _A Roman Frontier Fort_. Lyell, _A Bibliographical List of Romano-British Architectural Remains_, gives reference to others. [191] _Der oberger.-rät. Limes_, No. 66, Aalen, No. 65, Unterböbingen. [192] _Der oberger.-rät. Limes_, No. 31. [193] Cagnat, _Les Deux Camps de Lambèse_, p. 19, Fig. 2. [194] _Der oberger.-rät. Limes_, No. 8, Zugmantel. [195] For example Weissenberg, _Der oberger.-rät. Limes_, No. 72. [196] There are scarcely any exceptions, but at Stockstadt, _Der oberger.-rät. Limes_, No. 33, at Zugmantel, No. 8, at Sulz, No. 61_a_, and at Niederberg, No. 34, a slight exterior salience is given to some of the rectangular towers. At Niederbieber the gate towers have a considerable salience, and the intermediate towers are also salient, a variation to which Schultze (’Die römischen Stadttore,’ _Bonner Jahrbuch_, 1909, p. 324) attaches no importance. [197] Mommsen, _The Provinces of the Roman Empire_, vol. ii, p. 153. [198] Cf. Khirbet el Fityân, which belongs probably to the time of Diocletian, Brünnow-Domaszewski, vol. ii, p. 139. [199] Brünnow-Domaszewski, vol. ii, p. 102, Fig. 685. [200] It must be remembered that in all these ruins only those parts which remain above ground have been recorded. Excavation is needed to show the exact relation of the interior buildings to the encompassing wall at Ḍumair and Ledjdjûn. [201] _Revue biblique_, 1904, p. 414. and Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 118.