The foregoing 'anǝ' appears in Swiss "ume und anne" (thither and hither) where 'ume,' Austr. 'uma,' is from G. _um_ (about). Stalder refers 'anne' to G. _an-hin_, and Swiss 'abe' to _ab-hin_. Schmid (Schwäb. Wb., p. 23) has ane, dortane, dettane. Schmeller (Bayer. Wb. 1869, p. 91) cites Graff (1, 499), for Ohg. _ostana_ (from the East), and Grimm (3, 205). While PG. 'alt' and 'kalt' (old, cold, _a_ in wh_a_t) have the comparatives 'eltǝr' 'keltǝr,' the influence of _r_ in 'karts' (short), G. _kurz_, and 'hart' (hard), produces 'kærtsǝr' and 'hærtǝr,' instead of G. _kürzer_ and _härter_. Long _a_ becomes long _u_ in G. _samen_ (seed), PG. 'suumǝ.' § 8. _Dipthong Changes._ German 'au' sometimes becomes 'aa' (in call), as in PG. 'laafǝ' (to walk) G. _laufen_; 'glaabǝ' (to believe) G. _glauben_; 'kaafǝ' (to buy) G. _kaufen_; 'tsaam' (bridle) G. _zaum_; 'traam' (dream) G. _traum_; 'fraa' (wife, woman) G. _frau_, PG. pl. 'weiwǝr,' because, as the German plural of _frauen_ could not well make 'fraaǝ,' the plural of _weib_ was preferred. German 'au' remains in PG. 'plaum' (plum) G. _pflaume_; 'daum' (thumb); 'haufǝ' (heap); 'saufǝ' (to sup); 'haus' (house); 'taub' (dove) G. _taube_; 'aus' (out); 'fauscht' (fist). German 'au' becomes 'oo' (Eng. fl_oo_r) in PG. 'groo' (grey) an earlier form of G. _grau_; 'bloo' (blue) G. _blau_; and the name 'Stauffer' is sometimes pronounced 'stoof'r.' In the plural, 'au' becomes 'ei,' as in PG. 'haus,' pl. 'heiser;' 'maus' pl. 'meis;' 'laus' pl. 'leis;' 'maul' (mouth) pl. 'meiler' G. pl. _mäuler_; 'gaul,' pl. 'geil,' G. pl. _gäule_ (horses); 'sau' (sow, hog), pl. 'sei,' G. pl. _säue_, _sauen_. When 'au' has become 'aa' the German plural _äu_ becomes 'ee,' as in 'beem' (trees) G. _bäume_; 'tseem' (bridles) G. _zäume_. 'Floo,' G. _floh_ (flea) pl. 'flee' for G. _flöhe_, is due to the fact that German long ö is replaced by ee. German _au_ is _u_ in the earlier PG. 'uf' (up) G. _auf_, found in Swisserland and other localities; but 'haus' is not _hūs_, and 'maul' is not _mūl_ as in Swiss. § 9. _Words lengthened._ Some monosyllables are dissyllabised under the influence of trilled _r_, and of _l_ (which is akin to _r_), as in 'Jar’ik' (York); 'Jær'ik,' German _Georg_ (George), perhaps the only example of the Berlin change of G to (German) J. PG. G. E.