[6] For example, as the vowel of German _schaf_ is long, the PG. word 'schafleit,' which occurs in a quoted passage farther on, would be likely to be read 'schaafleit' (sheep-people or shepherds) instead of 'schaffleit' (work-people), although it is stated that in the spelling used, a vowel _must not be made long_ unless its letter is doubled. "This tendency, and a trick of reading words like nisbut, _relation_, qismut, _fortune_, as if written _nizbut_, _qizmut_, should be carefully guarded against.... Even is, as, rusm, will, in spite of the caveat, ... become again in his mouth iz, az, ruzm, rather than the iss, auss, russm, intended."--_Gilchrist_, 1806. [7] High German _letters_ which represent PG. _sounds_ are in parentheses. [8] The long vowel used by native speakers in B_a_th, Somersetshire, England. [9] These two powers are not quite the same. [10] Indicated in 1860 in my Analytic Orthography, §§ 661-3, and in my note to A. J. Ellis's _Early English Pronunciation_, 1869, p. 655, note 2, col. 2. "The lost final _n_ is commonly recalled by a nasal vowel." [11] The real physiological generation of these _flat_ consonants is very difficult for an Englishman to understand. Dr. C. L. Merkel, of Leipzig, a middle-German, confesses that for a long time he did not understand the pure b, d, not having heard them in his neighbourhood. He distinguishes (_Physiologie der Menschlichen Sprache_, Leipzig, 1866, pp. 146-156), 1. The "soft shut sounds" or _mediæ_, characterized by an attempt to utter voice before the closure is released, 2. "the half-hard shut sounds" or _tenues implosivæ_, characterized by a sound produced by compressing the air in the mouth by the elevation of the larynx, the glottis being closed, which "therefore acts like a piston," followed by the sudden opening of the mouth and glottis, allowing the vowel to pass, (this is his description of the _flat_ sounds, which he says Brücke, a Low-Saxon, reckons among his _mediæ_), 3. "the hard explosive shut sounds," characterized by a shut mouth and open glottis through which the unvocalised breath is forced against the closing barrier more strongly than in the last case, but without pressure from the diaphragm, 4. "the aspirated or sharpened explosive sound," in which the last pressure occurs with a jerk. The compound English distinction, p, b; t, d; k, g, seem almost impossible for a middle and south-German to understand.--A. J. E. [12] On the inconsistencies of Rauch's Orthography on an English basis, see my note 2, p. 655 of Ellis's _Early English Pronunciation_. [13] Swiss forms. [14] _Hamlet_, act 5, sc. 1, speech 106; folio 1623, tragedies, p. 278, col. 2. CHAPTER III. VOCABULARY.