[18] This name seems to have been originally applied to the crooked tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke, and _humming-bird_ was probably applied to moths of the genus _Sphinx_ (named from the form of the larva) before the bird bearing this name was known in Europe. [19] Scarcely legitimate, the PG. word for a grave-yard being kærich-hof. [20] Diagonally. [21] By analogy these words should be rei˛ and rei˛heit, but as they are scarcely PG. they are given as High German. [22] This word is correct without the elisive mark, which perverts the syntax. [23] The Rev. D. Ziegler. CHAPTER IV. GENDER. § 1. _Gender of English Words in Pennsylvania German._ German gender and declension might be said to be in a state of barbarism, were it not that some of the languages of savages have refinements which are wanting in the tongues of civilised people. German gender being in a high degree arbitrary and irrational, there seem but few principles applicable to introduced words, and yet, the linguistic instinct produces a measure of uniformity. The clear distinction in modern English between a spring and a well, does not exist between the German _der quell_ (and _die quelle_, PG. 'dii qkel') and _der brunnen_, but German has _der spring_ also, which may be used alone, or compounded in _springquell_ or _springquelle_. Influenced by English, PG. uses 'dii schpring' for a natural spring of water, keeping 'd'r brunnǝ' for a well, 'tsig-brunnǝ' for a draw-well with a windlas and bucket--but also 'laafǝndǝ brunnǝ' for a spring. As a German says 'dii' for the English article _the_, which he hears applied to everything singular and plural, and as this _die_ is his own feminine and plural article, he will be likely to say 'dii fens' for _the fence_, 'dii set' (set, of tools, etc.), 'dii faundri' (foundry), 'dii bænk' (bank of a stream), 'dii færm' (farm), 'dii plantaaschǝ' (plantation), 'dii témǝti' (timothy hay), 'dii portsch,' 'dii schtæmp' ('stämp' in print, for G. _der stempel_), 'dii watsch' (timepiece), 'dii _bel_ hat ge_ring_t' (the 'bell' has 'rung'), "Stohrstube ... mit einer offenen Front," (Store-room with an open front), "die _Fronte_[24] des Hauses" (the 'front' of the house), "Die Sanitäts _Board_," "Eine _Lot_ Stroh," "Eine _Lotte_ Grund," etc. All of these are feminine in PG., together with the English nouns _alley_, _road_, _borough_, _square_ (of a town), _fair_, _forge_, _creek_ (a stream), _climate_, _bowl_, _vendue_, _court_ (at law), _law_, _lawsuit_, _jury_, _yard_ (of a house),-- Als Herr Yost ... einen groszen Neufundländer Hund in seiner _=Yard=_[1] anders anbinden wollte, fiel ihn das Thier an ... der Hund wieder an ihn sprang, und ihn gegen die _=Fenz=_[25] drängte, ... _Der Pennsylvanier_, Lebanon, Pa. Sept. 1, 1869.