The part of this plant used medicinally is the stem, which is roasted, pounded, and then taken in warm water or guarapo. 6. _Zuquilla._—This is a thick-rooted variety of sarsaparilla. 7. _Guaco_ grows about Tarapoto. 8. _Piñon_, or _croton tiglium_.—Three seeds of it eaten act as a drastic medicine. 9. _Carpuña._—A few leaves (two or three) of this plant, put into warm spirit and water, act as a sudorific, which is employed in colds and rheumatic pains. 10. _Huyusa._—The leaves of the huyusa are also used in small quantity, in form of infusion; and this remedy has the same virtues with the carpuña. 11. _Tapia bark._—This is pounded into powder, and taken in cold water. It acts as a powerful emetic. 12. _Yerba de San Martin._—The infusion from this plant is used for the same purpose as cubebs, or balsam of copaiba. CHAPTER III. The Department of Junin.—The river Marañon.—General sketch of the form of internal Government of Peru.—Particular account of the Prefectorate or Department of Junin.—Mines.—Agriculture.—Manufactures.—Public Instruction.—Hospitals and Charitable Asylums.—Vaccination.—Junta of Health.—Public Baths.—Police.—Pantheons.—Roads.—Posts.—Public Treasury at Pasco.—Administration of Justice.—National Militia. Of the three inland departments of Peru, namely, Cuzco, Ayacucho, and Junin, the latter is peculiarly distinguished by its mineral riches, and the rise of the great river Marañon, in the lake of Lauricocha, in the neighbourhood of Cerro Pasco. The length of this river, all its windings included, has been reckoned not less than one thousand one hundred leagues, of which nine hundred have been found to be navigable; and, at the distance of several hundred miles before it reaches the ocean, (where its mouth is one hundred and seventy or eighty miles wide,) the effect of the tides may be distinctly marked on its banks. For a very long way—some say two hundred miles or more—after it has entered the sea, it still continues fresh to the taste, or, at least, to a great degree unmingled with the retiring waters of the ocean, which it rolls back before the unsubdued force of its own mighty stream.