Philosophical Letters: or, modest Reflections upon some Opinions in Natural PhilosophyNewcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of
Philosophy
Philosophical Letters: or, modest Reflections upon some Opinions in Natural Philosophy
Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of
Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 1592-1676; Philosophy
in the fruit; but, in my opinion, it lives rather in the fruit, and
is numerously increased, as appears by the production of seed from
the fruit. But the most difficult of all to be understood, are his
_Ideas_,[2] which he makes _certain seminal Images, Formal Lights,
and operative means, whereby the soul moves and governs the body_;
whose number and variety is so great, as it transcends my capacity,
there being _Ideas_ of Inclination, of Affection, of Consideration or
Judgment, of Passion, and these either mild, or violent, besides a
great number of Archeal and forreign Ideas. Truly, _Madam_, I cannot
admire enough the powerful effects of these Ideas, they themselves
being no substances or material Creatures; For how that can pierce,
seal, and print a figure, which hath neither substance nor matter, my
reason is not able to comprehend, since there can be no figure without
matter or substance, they being inseparably united together, so, that
where figure is, there is also substance, and where substance is, there
is also figure; neither can any figure be made without a substance.
You may say, Ideas, though they are not material or corporeal beings
themselves, yet they may put on figures, and take bodies when they
please: I answer, That then they can do more then Immaterial Spirits;
for the Learned say, That Immaterial Spirits are Immaterial substances;
but your _Author_ says, that Ideas are no substances; and I think it
would be easier for a substance to take a body, then for that which is
no substance: But your _Author_ might have placed his Ideas as well
amongst the number of Immaterial Spirits, to wit, amongst Angels and
Devils, and then we should not have need to seek far for the causes of
the different natures and dispositions of Mankind, but we might say,
that Ill-natured men proceeded from Evil, and Good-natured men from
Good Spirits or Ideas. However, _Madam_, I do not deny Ideas, Images,
or Conceptions of things, but I deny them onely to be such powerful
beings and Principal efficient Causes of Natural effects; especially
they being to your _Author_ neither bodies nor substances themselves.
And as for the _Figure of a Cherry_, which your _Author_ makes so
frequent a repetition of, made by a longing Woman on her Child; I dare
say that there have been millions of Women, which have longed for some
or other thing, and have not been satisfied with their desires, and
yet their Children have never had on their bodies the prints or marks
of those things they longed for: but because some such figures are
sometimes made by the irregular motions of animate Matter, would this
be a sufficient proof, that all Conceptions, Ideas and Images have
the like effects, after the same manner, by piercing or penetrating
each other, and sealing or printing such or such a figure upon the
body of the Child? Lastly, I cannot but smile when I read that your
_Author_ makes a _Disease proceed from a non-being to a substantial
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