Two finders have recently been fitted to the Crossley reflector. One has
an object-glass of four inches aperture and eight feet six inches focal
length, with a field of about 1° 2´, which is very nearly the photographic
field of the main telescope. Its standards are bolted to one of the corner
tubes of the reflector. The other finder has a three-inch objective and a
large field. It had not been mounted when the photograph for the plate was
made.
When a telescope is used for photographing objects near the pole, with
long exposures, the polar axis must be quite accurately adjusted, for
otherwise the centers of motion of the stars and of the telescope will not
agree, and the star images will be distorted. It is true that with a
double-slide plate-holder, like the one used with the Crossley reflector,
one star--namely, the guiding star--is forced to remain in a fixed
position with respect to the plate; but the differential motion of the
other stars causes them to describe short arcs, or trails, around this
star as a center. A considerable part of the spring of 1899 was spent in
efforts to perfect the adjustment of the polar axis, an operation which,
on account of the peculiar form of the mounting, offers unusual
difficulties.
In the first plan which was tried, the reflector was used as a transit
instrument. The inclination of the declination axis was determined with a
hanging level which had been provided by Mr. Crossley, the hour circle and
polar axis being very firmly clamped. The clock correction being known
from the records kept at the Observatory, the collimation and azimuth
constants were found by the usual formulæ. This method failed to give
satisfactory results, and it was found later that the declination and
polar axis were not exactly at right angles.
There is only one part of the sky on which the telescope can be reversed;
namely, the pole. A method which promised well, and on which some time was
spent, consists in photographing the pole (the declination axis being
horizontal) by allowing the stars near it to trail for ten or fifteen
minutes, then turning the polar axis 180° and photographing the pole again
on the same plate. Half the distance between the images gives the error of
the polar axis, which, if the plate is properly oriented, is easily
resolved into horizontal and vertical components; while the distance of
each image from the center of the plate is this error increased or
diminished by twice the deviation of the telescope axis. In this case the
vertical component depends upon the reading of the declination circle, and
the horizontal component gives the error of collimation. This method
failed, however, to give consistent results, mainly on account of
instability of the mirror, and was abandoned.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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