[30] “The _intellectual faculty_ and all its subdivisions, such as perception, recollection, memory, judgment, imagination, &c. are not fundamental faculties, but merely general attributes of them.”—Gall, t. iv. p. 327. [31] “Reason,” says Gall, “is the result of the simultaneous action of all the intellectual faculties.”—Gall, t. iv. p. 341. [32] Gall enumerates twenty-seven of these faculties, Spurzheim enumerates twenty-five, &c. [33] Gall, t. iv. p. 325. [34] Ibid. p. 330. [35] “I find in myself,” says Descartes, “divers faculties of thought, that have each their own way, ... whence I conclude, they are distinct from me, as modes are distinct from things.”—T. i. p. 332. [36] T. viii. p. 169. [37] Gall, iv. p. 341. [38] Ibid. [39] Ibid. t. ii. p. 100. [40] Gall, t. ii. p. 97. [41] Ibid. [42] “It is a law of moral liberty, that man shall be always determined, and that he shall himself determine from the most numerous and most powerful motives.”—T. ii. p. 137. [43] “But an organ may act with greater energy, and furnish a more powerful motive.”—T. ii. p. 104. [44] “There is no person who, upon contemplating himself, does not feel and experience that will and liberty are one and the same; or rather, that there is no difference between that which is voluntary and that which is free.”—T. i. p. 496. [45] Descartes, t. i. p. 299. “It is always in our power to prevent ourselves from pursuing a good which is clearly known to us, provided we should think it a good to show in that way our free will.”—Descartes, t. vi. p. 133. “The fulness of liberty consists in the great use of our positive ability to follow the worse, while we truly know the better.”—Ibid. p. 138. [46] The question here relates solely to the brain, properly so called, (the lobes or cerebral hemispheres.) The rest of the encephalon does not serve in the operations of the understanding. See the preceding article, p. 29, et seq. [47] _Individual intelligences_—an expression of Gall’s. “Each individual intelligence has its own proper organ.”—iv. 341. [48] Even the instincts, according to Gall, have their memory, imagination, &c. “The instinct of propagation, that of the love of offspring, pride, vanity, possess, beyond contradiction, their perceptive faculty, their recollection, their memory, judgment, imagination, and their own attention.”—T. iv. p. 331. “The propensities and the sentiments likewise possess their judgment, their taste, their imagination, their recollection, and their memory.”—iv. 344. [49] Gall, t. iv. p. 325. [50] Ibid. [51] See particularly t. ii. p. 5. [52] “Had I to do with readers wholly free from prejudice, I should, in order to convince them of this, (the supposition of innate ideas,) have nothing to do but show them that mankind acquire all the knowledge they possess by the simple use of their natural faculties.”—Philos. Essay on the Human Understanding.