Ojibwa 245 197.--Conventional characters: Spiritually enlightened man. Ojibwa 245 198.--Conventional characters: A wabeno. Ojibwa 245 199.--Conventional characters: An evil Meda. Ojibwa 245 200.--Conventional characters: A Meda. Ojibwa 245 201.--Conventional characters: Man. Hidatsa 245 202.--Conventional characters: Headless body. Ojibwa 245 203.--Conventional characters: Headless body. Ojibwa 245 204.--Conventional characters: Man. Moki 245 205.--Conventional characters: Man. From Siberia 245 206.--Conventional characters: Superior knowledge. Ojibwa 246 207.--Conventional characters: An American. Ojibwa 246 208.--Specimen of imitated pictograph 249 209.--Symbols of cross 252 ON THE PICTOGRAPHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. BY GARRICK MALLERY. INTRODUCTORY. A pictograph is a writing by picture. It conveys and records an idea or occurrence by graphic means without the use of words or letters. The execution of the pictures of which it is composed often exhibits the first crude efforts of graphic art, and their study in that relation is of value. When pictures are employed as writing the conception intended to be presented is generally analyzed, and only its most essential points are indicated, with the result that the characters when frequently repeated become conventional, and in their later forms cease to be recognizable as objective portraitures. This exhibition of conventionalizing also has its own import in the history of art. Pictographs are considered in the present paper chiefly in reference to their significance as one form of thought-writing directly addressed to the sight, gesture-language being the other and probably earlier form. So far as they are true ideographs they are the permanent, direct, visible expression of ideas of which gesture-language gives the transient expression. When adopted for syllabaries or alphabets, which is known to be the historical course of evolution in that regard, they have ceased to be the direct and have become the indirect expression of the ideas framed in oral speech. The writing common in civilization records sounds directly, not primarily thoughts, the latter having first been translated into sounds. The trace of pictographs in the latter use shows the earlier and predominant conceptions. The importance of the study of pictographs depends upon their examination as a phase in the evolution of human culture, or as containing valuable information to be ascertained by interpretation.