Notice of visit, departure and direction 329 Section 2. Direction by drawing topographic features 341 Section 3. Notice of condition 347 Section 4. Warning and guidance 353 Chapter XII. Communications 358 Section 1. Declaration of war 358 Section 2. Profession of peace and friendship 359 Section 3. Challenge 362 Section 4. Social and religious missives 362 Australian message sticks 369 West African aroko 371 Section 5. Claim or demand 374 Chapter XIII. Totems, titles, and names 376 Section 1. Pictorial tribal designations 377 Iroquoian 377 Eastern Algonquian 378 Siouan and other designations 379 Absaroka, or Crow 380 Arapaho 381 Arikara, or Ree 381 Assiniboin 381 Brulé 382 Cheyenne 382 Dakota, or Sioux 383 Hidatsa, Gros Ventre or Minitari 384 Kaiowa 384 Mandan 385 Mandan and Arikara 385 Ojibwa 385 Omaha 385 Pawnee 386 Ponka 386 Shoshoni 387 Section 2. Gentile and clan designations 388 Section 3. Significance of tattoo 391 Tattoo in North America 392 On the Pacific coast 396 Tattoo in South America 407 Extra-limital tattoo 407 Scarification 416 Summary of studies on tattooing 418 Section 4.