_Italian Process._--The precise period of the introduction of white-lead manufacture in Italy is unknown, but it was certainly previous to the beginning of the present century. Prior to 1881, the Dutch process was exclusively used in Italy. In 1881 the so-called Brumlen and Dahn process was introduced into Liguria. Somewhat later the Rhenish process was introduced. The Rhenish process is one in use in nearly all the Italian white-lead manufactories. It is employed in a large manufactory at Cogoleto, as follows:--Lead in thin sheets of about 3 feet in length, and 4 inches in width are placed in a clay chamber having the form of a cube, of about the capacity of 5800 cubic feet. In this chamber there is a wooden framework, upon which are hung the sheets of lead. Three of these sheets weigh together about 4½ lb., and as the capacity of the chamber is about 20 tons, it can hold about 30,000 sheets of lead. On the floor of the chamber are placed twenty-four copper receptacles, each having four circular apertures. These receptacles are all in direct communication with a large pipe of masonry, which, by means of a copper tube, receives the gas coming from a boiler and furnace placed under the chamber. In the boiler, which is also of copper, is placed a mixture of 900 parts of water, and 80 parts of acetic acid concentrated to 40°, and the capacity of the boiler is about equivalent to 25,882 gallons. The furnace serves the purpose of producing carbonic acid. The gaseous mixture, consisting of volatilised acetic acid, carbonic acid, and aqueous vapour, is admitted from the boiler and furnace into the chamber in quantity and proportions best adapted to each stage of the work. The chemical reactions resulting are analogous to those which take place in the Dutch process, and the Brumlen and Dahn process. Each operation lasts six weeks, and gives a product of about 20 tons of white lead, with a consumption of 7 per cent. of acetic acid, and 9 tons of coke. The residuum of lead is about 10 per cent. of the quantity placed in the chamber. At the end of each operation the white lead taken from the chamber is washed and purified in large tubs, some of which are furnished with filters. Finally, it is packed in earthen vessels, and dried, when it is ready for the market, and is sold either in cakes or powder. The establishment at Cogoleto, above referred to, is able to produce annually about 2000 tons of white lead, of which 1200 tons are produced by the Rhenish process, and 800 tons by the Brumlen and Dahn process. There is also in a manufactory in Milan, the process of revolving heaters. The process of precipitation has not yet been used in Italy. The Rhenish process, as above described, furnishes the greater part of Italian white lead. The smaller manufacturers still use the Dutch process, but the Brumlen and Dahn process is generally regarded as unsatisfactory.