(22) Lived about 104-69 B.C.E. He was a leader of the Pharisees at the time of Alexander Jannaeus. (23) A judge should be strictly impartial. 9. Simeon, the son of Shatach, said, "Be very searching in the examination of witnesses (24), and be guarded in thy words, lest through them they learn to lie." (24) It is related that the son of Simeon b. Shatach was innocently condemned to death, because the witnesses were not carefully cross-questioned. 10. Shemaiah and Abtalion (25) received (the tradition) from them. Shemaiah said, "Love work; hate lordship (26); and seek no intimacy with the ruling power" (27). (25) Lived about the middle of the first century B.C.E. (26) "Woe to leadership, for it buries those who possess it." (_Pesachim_, 87b). (27) That is, Rome. Avoid office seeking. 11. Abtalion said, "Ye sages, be heedful of your words, lest ye incur the penalty of exile and be exiled to a place of evil waters, and the disciples who come after you drink thereof and die, and the Heavenly Name be profaned" (28). (28) Scholars must be careful in their teachings, lest their disciples misinterpret their words, and thus adopt false doctrines, as was the case with the disciples of Antigonus of Soko (_Supra_, n. 12). "Evil waters" may stand for evil doctrines or evil people. When a teacher went into banishment, he was usually followed by his disciples. Departure from the law is equivalent to death. 12. Hillel and Shammai (29) received (the tradition) from them. Hillel said, "Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace (30), loving mankind and drawing them night to the _Torah_" (31). 13. He used to say, "A name made great is a name destroyed (32); he who does not increase (his knowledge) decreases (it); and he who does not study deserves to die; and he who makes a worldly use of the crown (of the _Torah_) shall waste away." 14. He used to say, "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? But if I care for myself only, what am I? (33). And if not now, when?" (29) Hillel and Shammai, the most renowned of the "pairs" ([zugot]), lived about 100 years before the destruction of the Temple. Each was the founder of a school, _Bet Hillel_ and _Bet Shammai_, being generally opposed to one another in the interpretation of the _Torah_. Hillel was the embodiment of humility, gentleness, and kindness; Shammai was irritable, and lacked gentleness and patience. The former's most celebrated saying is, "What is hateful to thee do not do unto thy fellow man; this is the whole _Torah_, the rest is mere commentary." See Bacher, _Agada der Tanaiten_; Schurer, _History_, I, ii, p. 359 _et seq._; Myers, _story of the Jewish People_, I, p. 136 _et seq._; geiger, _Judaism and its History_, p. 113 _et seq._ (30) Psalm XXIV, 15: "Seek peace and pursue it."