Parmenides continues the doctrine of Xenophanes--Ens Parmenideum, self-existent, eternal, unchangeable, extended--Non-Ens, an unmeaning phrase 19 He recognises a region of opinion, phenomenal and relative, apart from Ens 20 Parmenidean ontology--stands completely apart from phenomenology 21 Parmenidean phenomenology--relative and variable 23 Parmenides recognises no truth, but more or less of probability, in phenomenal explanations.--His physical and astronomical conjectures 24 Herakleitus--his obscure style, impressive metaphors, confident and contemptuous dogmatism 26 Doctrine of Herakleitus--perpetual process of generation and destruction--everything flows, nothing stands--transition of the elements into each other backwards and forwards 27 Variety of metaphors employed by Herakleitus, signifying the same general doctrine 28 Nothing permanent except the law of process and implication of contraries--the transmutative force. Fixity of particulars is an illusion for the most part: so far as it exists, it is a sin against the order of Nature 29 Illustrations by which Herakleitus symbolized his perpetual force, destroying and generating 30 Water--Intermediate between Fire (Air) and Earth 31 Sun and Stars--not solid bodies, but meteoric aggregations dissipated and renewed--Eclipses--[Greek: e)kpu/rôsis], or destruction of the Kosmos by fire 32 His doctrines respecting the human soul and human knowledge. All wisdom resided in the Universal Reason--individual Reason is worthless 34 By Universal Reason, he did not mean the Reason of most men as it is, but as it ought to be 35 Herakleitus at the opposite pole from Parmenides 37 Empedokles--his doctrine of the four elements and two moving or restraining forces _ib._ Construction of the Kosmos from these elements and forces--action and counteraction of love and enmity. The Kosmos alternately made and unmade 38 Empedoklean predestined cycle of things--complete empire of Love Sphærus--Empire of Enmity--disengagement or separation of the elements--astronomy and meteorology 39 Formation of the Earth, of Gods, men, animals, and plants 41 Physiology of Empedokles--Procreation--Respiration--movement of the blood 43 Doctrine of effluvia and pores--explanation of perceptions--intercommunication of the elements with the sentient subject--like acting upon like 44 Sense of vision 45 Senses of hearing, smell, taste 46 Empedokles declared that justice absolutely forbade the killing of anything that had life. His belief in the metempsychosis. Sufferings of life, are an expiation for wrong done during an antecedent life. Pretensions to magical power 46 Complaint of Empedokles on the impossibility of finding out truth 47 Theory of Anaxagoras denied--generation and destruction--recognised only mixture and severance of pre-existing kinds of matter 48 Homoeomeries--small particles of diverse kinds of matter, all mixed together _ib._