Adjustable standards also occur; the upper part slides up and down in
the hollow shaft of the lower part, so that the height can be changed
at will.
The bronze lamp holders were sometimes designed to support a single
lamp (Fig. 200). Frequently the main part divides into two branches,
each of which sustains a small round disk for a lamp; often the arms
or branches were designed to carry hanging lamps. The example shown in
Fig. 201 is from the villa of Diomedes.
In the lamp holders conventional plant forms are more frequently met
with than in the standards. The trunk of a tree with spreading
branches is especially common (Fig. 202).
[Illustration: Fig. 199.--Lamp standard, of bronze.]
The lamp stands, which resemble diminutive bronze tables, are found in
a pleasing variety of form and ornament. The top is sometimes a round
disk resting on a single leg supported by three feet; sometimes, as in
the example presented in Fig. 203, the legs are carried to the top,
and the intervening spaces are utilized for ornamentation. The lamp
seen in this illustration is the same as that shown more clearly in
Fig. 196, at the right.
[Illustration: Fig. 200.--Lamp holder for a hand lamp.]
[Illustration: Fig. 201.--Lamp holder for hanging lamps.]
[Illustration: Fig. 202.--Lamp holder in the form of a tree trunk.]
[Illustration: Fig. 203.--Lamp stand, of bronze.]
Kitchen utensils of bronze and red earthenware have been found in
great quantity; table furnishings more rarely. A group of typical
examples is presented in Fig. 204. The forms are so similar to those
of the utensils found in modern households that few words of
explanation are needed.
[Illustration: Fig. 204.--Bronze utensils.
_a._ Kettle mounted on a tripod ready to be placed on the fire.
_b_, _g_, _h_, _l._ Cooking pots.
_c_, _d._ Pails.
_e._ Ladle.
_f._ Dipper.
_i_, _t._ Baking pans for small cakes.
_k._ Pitcher.
_m._ Kitchen spoon.
_n_, _v._ Table spoons.
_o_, _p._ Frying pans.
_s._ Pastry mould.
_q_, _u._ Wine ladles.
_r._ Two-handled pan.]
The pastry mould (_s_) is of good size and neatly finished, and must
have left a clear impression. Besides the two types of table spoons
illustrated here (_n_, _v_) a third is represented by examples found at
Pompeii, the _cochlear_, which had a bowl at one end and ran out into
a point at the other. The point was used in picking shellfish out of
their shells, the bowl in eating eggs.
The two long ladles were used in dipping wine out of the mixing bowl
into the cups. The ancients ordinarily drank their wine mingled with
water; for mixing the liquids they used a large bowl of earthenware or
metal, which was often richly ornamented. The mixing bowl presented in
Fig. 205 was found in a house on Abbondanza Street, near the entrance
of the building of Eumachia. It is in part inlaid with silver, and
nearly twenty-two inches high.
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