to read the miserable Spanish translation of 1547-8 is infinitely greater. The fact that this translation is of earlier date than any surviving Portuguese edition gave rise to the theory that Moraes had translated his work from the Spanish. No competent critic now believes this; any doubts that may have lingered were dispelled wittily and for ever in Mr. Purser’s able essay (1904). The Spanish version, with its painful efforts to avoid _lusitanismos_ and its palpable mistranslations (such as _suavidad_ or _alegria_ for _saudade_), shows less knowledge of the sea, of Ireland,[549] and of Portugal. Moreover, the preference of the author of _Palmeirim_ for Portugal is obvious, and the passage in which ladies of the French Court are introduced corresponds to Moraes’ _Descvlpa de hvns amores_,[550] first published with the _Dialogos_ in 1624. Moraes himself would probably not have been greatly troubled by the impudent claim set up for Luis Hurtado and Miguel Ferrer. To have made a masterpiece out of their book would have been an achievement as great as to have made it out of old French and English legends in Paris. _Palmeirim’s_ predecessors, _Palmerin de Oliva_ (1511), _Primaleon_ (1512), and _Platir_ (1533), were probably all genuinely Spanish, although some doubts have been raised as to the first of the line, _Palmerin de Oliva_ attributed to a cryptic lady, a _femina docta_ called Agustobrica.[551] Its successors were as genuinely Portuguese: to Moraes’ parts 1 and 2 DIOGO FERNANDEZ added parts 3 and 4 (1587), concerned with the deeds of Palmeirim’s son, _Dom Duardos_,[552] and BALTHASAR GONÇALVEZ LOBATO parts 5 and 6 (1602), in which are told those of his grandson, _Dom Clarisol de Bretanha_. Three brief but very lively and natural _Dialogos_ (1624) show that Moraes was not only an excellent stylist but a keen observer. The _fidalgo_ and _escudeiro_, the lawyer and the love-lorn _moço_, are all clearly and wittily presented. FOOTNOTES: [507] For a full list see Innocencio da Silva, _Dicc. Bibliog._ i. 377, and _Grundriss_, p. 339. Five volumes were announced by Barbosa Machado as ready for press. The modern editors, besides eleven wrecks of the sixteenth, eight of the seventeenth, and two of the eighteenth, have included three of the nineteenth century. Some of the original chap-books survive, with a fine woodcut of a tossing galleon on the title-page: _Historia da mui notavel perda do galeam grande S. Joam_ (1554?); _Relaçam do lastimozo navfragio da nao Conceiçam chamada Algaravia a Nova_ (1555); _Naufragio da nao Santo Alberto_ (1597); _Memoravel relaçam da perda da nao Conceiçam_ (1627). The _Relaçam da viagem do galeão São Lovrenço e sua perdição_ (1651) is by the Jesuit Antonio Francisco Cardim (1596-1659); the _Relaçam sumaria da viagem que fez Fernão d’Alvarez Cabral_, by Manuel Mesquita Perestrello, is an account of the wreck of the fine ship _S. Bento_, which had taken Camões to India.