[Illustration: _The double triangle, with numerals and letters._] Besides these more important manufactories of porcelain were a number of less note, which sprang up during this period of active interest; such as those of _Ludwigsburg_, or _Kronenburg_, _Fulda_, _Hesse-Cassel_, etc. In THURINGIA, also, were a number of small establishments, many of which produced fine work. Marks of Ludwigsburg, or Kronenburg: [Illustration: _From 1758._] [Illustration: _Sometimes without the crown._] Mark of Fulda, in Hesse (1763 to 1780): [Illustration: _Signifying the Prince of Fulda._] Marks of Limbach, in Saxe-Meiningen (about 1760): [Illustration: _Sometimes this was a script L._] [Illustration: _Another mark._] In SWITZERLAND, at Nyon and at Zurich, small factories went to work, whose productions are sought for by collectors; but they do not reach the importance of the leading German establishments. The manufactory at Nyon (1712) had sometimes a fish, and sometimes a painter's name in script-letters, as _Guide_, or _G_. [Illustration: _Nyon-mark._] [Illustration: _The mark of Zurich_ (1755).] CHAPTER XIII. THE PORCELAIN OF FRANCE--ST.-CLOUD, CHANTILLY, SÈVRES, ETC. Hard and Soft Porcelain.--Discovery of Kaolin.--St.-Cloud.--_Pâte Tendre._--Marks.--Rouen.--Small Manufactories.--Marks of same.--Chantilly.--Sceaux-Penthièvre.--Niderviller.--Marks. --Limoges.--Sèvres.--Flower-Work.--Hard Porcelain, _Pâte Dure_. --The Grand Monarque.--Florid Taste.--Boucher.--Vieux Sèvres.--Three Vases.--Greek Vases.--Prices at Bernal Sale.--Chemists.--Colors used.--Collections.--Art Museums. --Alexandre Brongniart.--Marks and Dates. The porcelain of Sèvres is probably better known than any other by name, if not by sight. The production has been steadily under the protection of the state since 1760, when the crown became sole owner of the works. Time, thought, skill, talent, ingenuity, and money, have been spent upon this work unceasingly for more than a century; and some of the most elaborate, most finished, and most costly pieces of porcelain which the world has anywhere seen, have come out of the small town of Sèvres. Kings, nobles, poets, painters, have recognized the beauty and value of this work, and have given of their strength to help it onward toward perfection. The history of the manufactory at Sèvres might fill a book: here we are limited to a brief space, which may suffice for most readers. Some experts hold that _true_ porcelain is only what is known as hard porcelain, called _pâte dure_ by the French. Such is always the porcelain of China and Japan; such is that of Dresden and the centre of Europe. This hard porcelain has always the two qualities of hardness and translucency. We have elsewhere explained to what these qualities are due, and how and when they were brought to perfection in Europe, first at Dresden or Meissen (see Dresden porcelain).