[Illustration: _Porcelaine de Monsieur_ (1780).] Marks of Orleans: [Illustration: _A label_ (_lambel d'Orléans_).] [Illustration: _A label_ (_lambel d'Orléans_).] [Illustration: _A label_ (_lambel d'Orléans_).] [Illustration: _Monogram of Benoist le Brun, the director._] [Illustration: _Monogram of Benoist le Brun, the director._] Marks of Valenciennes: [Illustration: _The letter V, for Valenciennes, combined with L, the name of the wife of the director._ ] [Illustration: _The letter V, for Valenciennes, combined with L, the name of the wife of the director._ ] [Illustration: _The letter V, for Valenciennes, combined with L, the name of the wife of the director._ ] Marks of Strasbourg: [Illustration: _Either of these marks indicates the name of Hannong, the founder._] Mark of Marseilles: [Illustration: _This letter indicates M. Robert, the founder_ (1766).] The PARIS marks are so manifold that the student must refer to some manual of marks, such as are mentioned in the list of books at the end of the volume. Besides the smaller factories first mentioned, a few words may be well upon some factories whose productions are now and then offered for sale. CHANTILLY.--As early as 1725 this factory produced a great variety of articles of soft paste, which were and are highly esteemed. A design used there--a small blue flower upon the white--called _Barbeau_, was much in fashion. The workmen at Chantilly were afterward engaged at Vincennes. The mark is a hunting-horn, sometimes impressed, sometimes painted on. [Illustration: _Hunting-horn._] SCEAUX (sometimes Sceaux-Penthièvre) was a small factory near Paris, begun in 1750, where, for some twenty or thirty years, very delicate soft-paste porcelain was made. The marks were sometimes the letters S X or S P, and the anchor. [Illustration: _Sceaux-Penthièvre_ (_about_ 1750 to 1760).] [Illustration: _The anchor in blue_ (1751 to 1792).] At NIDERVILLER, near Strasbourg, in 1760, a factory was established by Baron de Beyerlé, which afterward (about 1780) went into the possession of General de Custine, whose head was cut off during the French Revolution. Both soft and hard porcelain were made here, and some of the biscuit figures are of great excellence. The marks most known are these; but the letter _N_ in script is sometimes found on pieces of this work. Marks of Niderviller: [Illustration: _Baron de Beyerlé, the founder_ (1760).] [Illustration: _General de Custine_ (1786).] [Illustration: _Another variety._] [Illustration: _Monogram of F. C. Lanfray, director._] [Illustration: _Lanfray, director._] At LIMOGES, in 1773, soft porcelain was made; later, hard paste was made. The old mark was =C. D.= At the present time a number of factories are busily at work there, among which is that of Haviland and Company, whose faience will be mentioned elsewhere.