The _kidneys_ extend along the sides of the spine from immediately below the lungs to near the termination of the abdominal cavity. The general color is a chocolate red, but a small portion at the upper end (known as the adrenal), is yellow. There is no urinary bladder. The urates are carried direct through the _ureters_ to the cloaca. The _testes_ (of the male bird) are attached to the upper portion of the kidneys. They are white or very light-colored, and may be of different sizes. The _ovary_ (of the female bird), situated on the left side, covers the kidney on that side. It consists of numerous ova of various sizes each of which may develop into an egg. As an ovum passes through the oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous covering (the white of egg); lower down it is coated with a calcareous deposit that forms the shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.) [Illustration: FIG. 34.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5 Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe.] _3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem Symptoms_ For purposes of diagnosis each organ must be examined. Note in each case if it is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or engorged with blood. Observe if it is an unusual color or if it possesses any other symptom of an abnormal character. A single symptom in a single organ, unless very pronounced and characteristic, will not be sufficient evidence for forming an accurate opinion as to the cause of death. But if the condition of the other organs and the symptoms before and attending death are taken into consideration, there will seldom be any difficulty, from a practical standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of the disease. Many points can be decided only by a pathologist with the aid of a microscope, such, for example, as the difference between coccidial and bacterial diarrhea, but it is quite enough for the poultryman to realize that one of his fowls has died of an attack of an acute form of diarrhea and that the rest of his birds may become infected. The following notes draw attention to the main diagnostic symptoms observable on post-mortem examination, arranged under the heading of the organs affected. Other symptoms are put in parentheses. POST-MORTEM SYMPTOMS BRAIN _Apoplexy._—Shown by congestion of blood vessels of brain. (Staggering gait and sudden death.) HEART _Cholera._—Punctiform hemorrhages are generally found in the heart in cases of cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden death of several or many fowls; inflammation of upper portion of intestines.) LIVER _Tuberculosis._—Yellowish-white spots on liver varying in size, somewhat _raised_ and convex; the spots or nodules may be readily separated from the rest of the liver. The liver itself is often very much enlarged. (Fowl gradually loses weight and may go lame; mesentery and spleen affected with nodules.)