Some statutes, on the other hand, identify emergency with the causal phenomena instead of their product. The National Industrial Recovery Act, for example, simply declared that a national emergency existed. This emergency, according to the statute was productive of widespread unemployment and disorganization of industry, which burdened interstate and foreign commerce, affected the public welfare, and undermined the standards of living of the American people.[76] The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 found that national emergencies, which produced widespread unemployment and the dislocation of trade, transportation, and industry, burdened interstate commerce and adversely affected the general welfare, were “precipitated, intensified, and prolonged by manipulation and sudden and unreasonable fluctuations of security prices and by excessive speculation on such exchanges and markets.”[77] In these two statutes the term emergency is first used in a context associating it with causal agency, and secondly as something intermediate between the causal agents and the disagreeable ultimate effects. While calling attention to the occasionally variable usage of the term emergency, we by no means intend to develop a metaphysics of emergency in order to settle the question whether it is rightfully applied to cause, effect, or something intermediate. We are satisfied to accept the overwhelming legislative tendency to apply the term to the undesired effects of events, attributing variant usages to imprecise draftmanship. At this point it is appropriate to indicate that many statutes (some of which are described here; some of which, for sake of brevity or avoiding the redundant, are not) either declare the existence of, or describe action to be taken in the event of the occurrence of, a situation which by other statutes has been termed an emergency. Statutes in this category, describing the situation but refraining from applying the term emergency to them, are illustrated by the following: A Tariff Act amendment of June 1934 gives the President the power to curtail imports if he finds that existing duties or other import restrictions of the United States or any foreign country burden and restrict the foreign trade of the United States.[78] The Securities Exchange Act associates emergency, among other things, with the burdening of interstate and foreign commerce. Did Congress intend the Tariff Act Amendment as an emergency statute? At that particular time, probably not. But later amendments to the Tariff Act specifically refer to emergency conditions affecting the American fisheries industry. We do not believe it is necessary to ferret out the precise Congressional intent in Acts which do not explicitly use the term emergency or describe the object of correcting legislation in terms which clearly reflect Congress’ finding that an emergency exists.