_Inflation_: We have included in the economic section some of the statutes designed to prevent or alleviate wartime inflation. Enacted within months after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 was designed to prevent economic dislocations from endangering the national defense and security and the effective prosecution of the war.[79] The factors contributing to the national emergency included “speculative, unwarranted, and abnormal increases in prices and rents; ... profiteering, hoarding, manipulation, speculation, and other disruptive practices.” The war effort would be aided through insuring that defense appropriations were not dissipated by excessive prices; by protecting persons with relatively fixed and limited incomes, consumers, wage earners, investors, and persons dependent on life insurance, annuities, and pensions, from undue impairment of their standard of living through skyrocketing prices. Colleges, local government units, and other institutions with relatively fixed incomes were also to be protected against the inflationary spiral. The emergency price control measure was formulated in anticipation of a possible post emergency collapse of values and was aimed at the avoidance thereof. The Proclamation of May 27, 1941, in which President Roosevelt declared the existence of an unlimited emergency caused by the supposed expanded war aims of the Axis powers, carefully translated the emergency into economic terms. The President advised businessmen that in maximizing war production they would be protecting a world in which free enterprise could exist; and workingmen, in so doing, would protect a society in which labor and management could bargain on free and equal terms. Benefits were also forecast for privately endowed institutions and local governmental units.[80] The extension of price controls in 1946 was attributed to the continued existence “of abnormally excessive spending power in relation to the presently available supply of commodities.”[81] And the Renegotiation Act was addressed to meeting the emergency within an emergency created by the wartime disruption of competitive conditions in regard to the placing of defense contracts.[82] _Strikes_: The Emergency Railroad Transportation Act of 1933 was designed to relieve obstructions and burdens on interstate commerce resulting from “the present acute economic emergency.”[83]