_Agricultural Pests_: A joint resolution of April 1937 made “funds available for the control of incipient or emergency outbreaks of insect pests or plant diseases, including grasshoppers, Mormon crickets, and chinch bugs.”[104] Funds were appropriated on this authorization later that month.[105] _Famine_: The India Emergency Food Aid Act of 1951 provided for emergency shipments of food to India to meet famine conditions then ravaging the great Asian sub-continent.[106] In August 1953 Congress enacted general enabling legislation to permit the President to furnish emergency assistance on behalf of the people of the United States to friendly peoples in meeting famine or other urgent relief requirements.[107] Thus the American Congress has sometimes defined emergency in terms of occurrences in other countries. NATIONAL SECURITY EMERGENCIES These may be cataloged under the heads of (1) Neutrality, (2) Defense, (3) Civil Defense, (4) Hostilities or War. _Neutrality Emergencies_: For a nation which, at least during the 1930s raised to the topmost position on its list of twentieth century mistakes its involvement in the First World War, and which during the same period embraced the policy of non-involvement in future wars, the chief problem of national security was not so much to be prepared for war or to avoid the occurrence of war, as it was, rather, to stay out of other people’s wars, all wars being other people’s. The existence of a war elsewhere in the world, especially one involving a major power, creates the need for emergency action designed to avoid the greatest of all emergencies, participation in a war. This is the meaning of the Neutrality Act of 1935 and its successors. The import thereof is embodied in the Presidential Proclamations which, under the Neutrality Acts, proclaimed the existence of wars between states or factions within states; but also the more important Proclamation of September 8, 1939 which, without citing the acts, declared the existence of a national emergency “to the extent necessary for proper observance, safeguarding, and enforcing of the neutrality of the United States and the strengthening of our national defense within the limits of peacetime authorizations.”[108] Neutrality doctrine, oriented as this was, contained the seeds of a more aggressive policy, and it was appropriate that the President should phrase his May 27, 1941 declaration of an unlimited national emergency as an enlargement upon the earlier Proclamation. The President declared that an unlimited national emergency confronting the country required that its military, naval, air and civilian defenses be placed in a condition of readiness to repel any and all acts or threats of aggression directed toward any part of the Western Hemisphere.[109] The need was now for adequate preparation rather than insulation. President Roosevelt’s forthright statement of the Nation’s security requirements left little doubt that