we had passed from neutrality to all-out preparedness as a national policy. For the security of this Nation and Hemisphere, we should pass from peacetime authorizations of military strength to whatever basis was needed to protect this entire hemisphere against invasion, encirclement or penetration by foreign agents.[110] The concept of neutrality dominant for a few years had been superseded by events. _Defense_: Many of the statutes directed at meeting the threat to national survival posed by war are phrased in terms of the existence of war or threat of war. Thus it is not rigidly possible to assign separate pigeon-holes to those statutes which explicitly or by inference define emergency in terms of the need for defense preparedness, and those which define emergency in terms of the need for response to existing hostilities. The 1951 amendments to the Universal Military Training and Service, like the 1940 Act,[111] by inference suggest that military emergency is not related solely to the existence of hostilities. The President is authorized under the statute “from time to time, whether or not a state of war exists, to select and induct for training in the National Security Training Corps ... such number of persons as may be required....”[112] The Interior Department Appropriation Act for fiscal 1948 included provision for cases of emergency caused by fire, flood, storm, act of God, or sabotage.[113] One cannot draw too sharp a distinction between war and peace; an act of sabotage is as likely as fire, flood, storm, or act of God. An Act of November 1940 launches upon an extensive list of national-defense material and national-defense premises--so comprehensive as to include anything whatsoever associated with defense production or transportation, including public utilities--and lists punishments for the willful injury or destruction of war material, or of war premises.[114] And following the war, it must be made clear that the emergency and the need for emergency action continue. The war emergency has reverted to a defense emergency. And so we turn to the First War Powers Act of 1941 and revise it “by striking out the words ‘the prosecution of the war effort’ and ‘the prosecution of the war’ and inserting the words ‘the national defense’.”[115]