_Civil Defense_: By Proclamation, on October 22, 1941, having in the spring of that year created an Office of Civilian Defense, President Roosevelt indicated that among the facets of a war emergency might be the endangering of civilian lives and property, and he invited all persons throughout the nation to give thought to their duties and responsibilities in the defense of this country, and to become better informed of the many vital phases of the civilian defense program.[116] The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 contemplated an attack or series of attacks by an enemy of the United States which conceivably would cause substantial damage or injury to civilian property or persons in the United States by any one of several means: sabotage, the use of bombs, shellfire, or atomic, radiological, chemical, bacteriological, or biological means or other weapons or processes.[117] Such an occurrence would cause a “National Emergency for Civil Defense Purposes,” or “a state of civil defense emergency,” during the term which the Civil Defense Administrator would have recourse to extraordinary powers outlined in the Act.[118] Powers and relationships set up to effectuate response to a preparedness or civil defense emergency are shortly seen to be convenient for application to any garden-variety emergency which happens along, and so it is not surprising to observe that arrangements created in anticipation of military emergency are soon applied to natural catastrophes. The New York-New Jersey Civil Defense Compact supplies an illustration in this context for emergency cooperation. “‘Emergency’ as used in this compact shall mean and include invasion or other hostile action, disaster, insurrection or imminent danger thereof....”[119] _Hostilities or War_: The Tariff Act of 1930[120] which has already been cited a number of times in this chapter, permitted certain action by the President whenever an emergency exists by reason of a state of war, or otherwise. The Communications Act of 1934 and its 1951 amendment grant exceptional powers when there exists war or a threat of war.[121] The 1940 National Defense Act amendments extended enlistments in the Army in time of war or other emergency.[122] The May 1945 extension of the Selective Training and Service Act continued it in effect for the duration of hostilities in the present war.[123] And the threat seems the more intimate when the emergency is defined in terms of enemies who have entered upon the territory of the United States as part of an invasion or predatory incursion, ... to commit sabotage, espionage or other hostile or warlike acts.[124] The 1950 Emergency Detention Act[125] permits the President to declare the existence of an Internal Security Emergency, upon the occurrence of invasion, declaration of war by Congress, or insurrection within the United States. PERCEIVING THE EXISTENCE OF AN EMERGENCY