[4] The upper strata at Taubach yielded Reindeer and Mammoth. Near Weimar, Wüst says the stratigraphical positions of _R. merckii_ and _R. antiquitatis_ have been found inverted. [5] Typical Val d'Arno (Pliocene) form. CHAPTER IV ASSOCIATED ANIMALS AND IMPLEMENTS The most important of recent discoveries of the remains of early prehistoric man have now been considered. Not only the evidence of the actual remains, but also that furnished by their surroundings has been called upon. It is evident that the last decade has been remarkably productive of additions to the stock of information on these subjects. In the next place, enquiry has to be made whether any relation exists between the two methods of grouping, viz. (1) that in which the characters of the skeletons are taken as the test, and (2) that dependent upon the nature of the surroundings. A first attempt to elucidate the matter can be made by means of a tabulated statement, such as that which follows. In constructing this table, the various finds have been ordinated according to the degree of resemblance to modern Europeans presented by the respective skeletons. Thus Division II with Subdivision _B_ heads the list. Then follows Subdivision _A_, and finally Division I will be found in the lowest place. This order having been adopted, the remaining data were added in the sequence necessarily imposed upon them thereby. (_a_) In an analysis of this table the several columns should be considered in order. Taking that headed 'Immediate surroundings,' it is evident that whereas most of the members of Division II were 'cave-men,' two exceptions occur. Of these, the Galley Hill skeleton is by far the most remarkable. The Taubach remains represent, it will be remembered, a form almost on the extreme confines of humanity. That it should resemble the members of Division I, themselves in a similar position, is not very remarkable. And indeed it is perhaps in accordance with expectation, that remains of the more remote and primitive examples should be discovered, so to speak, 'in the open.' All the more noteworthy therefore is the position of the Galley Hill man, whose place according to his surroundings is at the end of the list opposite to that assigned to him by his physical conformation.