(_b_) Passing to the 'Associated animals,' similar conclusions will be formed again. Thus in the first place, most of the 'cave-men' were accompanied by remains of the Reindeer. Le Moustier and Krapina are exceptions but provide Bison or Urus which are elsewhere associated with the Reindeer. Otherwise Galley Hill and Taubach again stand out as exceptions. Moreover they have again some features in common, just as has been noted in respect of their alluvial surroundings. For the Elephant (_E. antiquus_) is identical in both instances. But the Rhinoceros of the 'high level' terrace gravel is not the same as that found at Taubach, and though the succession is discussed later, it may be stated at once that the _Rhinoceros megarhinus_ has been considered to stand in what may be termed a grand-parental relation to that of Taubach (_R. merckii_), the _Rhinoceros etruscus_ of the Mauer Sands representing the intervening generation (Gaudry[27], 1888). For the various names, reference should be made to the list of synonyms appended to Table A. Should further evidence of the relative isolation of the Galley Hill skeleton be required, the gigantic beaver (Trogontherium) is there to provide it, since nowhere else in this list does this rodent appear. The paradoxical position of the Galley Hill skeleton having been indicated, it is convenient to deal with all the examples of skeletons from alluvial deposits taken as a single group, irrespective of their actual characters. (i) The study of the animals found in the corresponding or identical _alluvial deposits_, leads to inferences which may be stated as follows. The Trinil (Java) fauna will not be included, since the Javanese and European animals are not directly comparable. If attention is confined to the remaining instances, viz. Galley Hill, Taubach and Mauer, agreement is shewn in respect of the presence of _Elephas antiquus_, and this is absent from all the cave-deposits considered here [_v. infra_ (ii) p. 90]. A rhinoceros appears in all three localities, but is different in each. Finally, two (viz. Galley Hill and Mauer) of the three, provide at least one very remarkable mammalian form, viz. Trogontherium (_Mimomys cantianus_ is equally suggestive) of the high-level gravels, and the _Ursus arvernensis_ of the Mauer Sands.