The earliest Men--The Type of Man in the Epoch of Animals of extinct Species--Origin of Man--Refutation of the Theory which derives the Human Species from the Ape 25 CHAPTER II. Man in the Condition of Savage Life during the Quaternary Epoch--The Glacial Period, and its Ravages on the Primitive Inhabitants of the Globe--Man in Conflict with the Animals of the Quaternary Epoch--The Discovery of Fire--The Weapons of Primitive Man--Varieties of Flint Hatchets--Manufacture of the earliest Pottery--Ornamental objects at the Epoch of the Great Bear and the Mammoth 39 CHAPTER III. The Man of the Great Bear and Mammoth Epoch lived in Caverns-- Bone Caverns in the Quaternary Rock during the Great Bear and Mammoth Epoch--Mode of Formation of these Caverns--Their Division into several Classes--Implements of Flint, Bone, and Reindeer-horn, found in these Caverns--The Burial Place at Aurignac--Its probable Age--Customs which it reveals--Funeral Banquets during the Great Bear and Mammoth Epoch 56 CHAPTER IV. Other Caves of the Epoch of the Great Bear and Mammoth--Type of the Human Race during the Epochs of the Great Bear and the Reindeer--The Skulls from the Caves of Engis and Neanderthal 72 II. EPOCH OF THE REINDEER; OR, OF MIGRATED ANIMALS. CHAPTER I. Mankind during the Epoch of the Reindeer--Their Manners and Customs--Food--Garments--Weapons, Utensils, and Implements-- Pottery--Ornaments--Primitive Arts--The principal Caverns-- Type of the Human Race during the Epoch of the Reindeer 85 III. THE POLISHED-STONE EPOCH; OR, THE EPOCH OF TAMED ANIMALS. CHAPTER I. The European Deluge--The Dwelling-Place of Man during the Polished-stone Epoch--The Caves and Rock-Shelters still used as Dwelling-Places--Principal Caves belonging to the Polished-stone Epoch which have been explored up to the present time--The Food of Man during this Period 125 CHAPTER II. The _Kjoekken-Moeddings_ or "_Kitchen-middens_" of Denmark--Mode of Life of the Men living in Denmark during the Polished-stone Epoch--The Domestication of the Dog--The Art of Fishing during the Polished-stone Epoch--Fishing Nets--Weapons and Instruments of War--Type of the Human Race; the Borreby Skull 129 CHAPTER III. Tombs and Mode of Interment during the Polished-stone Epoch-- _Tumuli_ and other Sepulchral Monuments formerly called _Celtic_--Labours of MM. Alexander Bertrand and Bonstetten-- Funeral Customs 184 THE AGE OF METALS. I. THE BRONZE EPOCH. CHAPTER I.